Understanding Practice: Video as a Medium for Reflection and Design Lucy A. Suchman & Randall H. Trigg In ‘Design at Work’, Greenbaum and Kyng, pp , 1991 Presented by Sung Won Lee

What is this paper about? The value of using video when performing ethnographic studies Ethnography : the study and systematic recording of human cultures; also : a descriptive work produced from such research (from m-w.com)

Work as Situated Activity Work : a form of situated activity in the design of new technology -development of the artifacts and development of work practice -work/technology relation Sample study - Routine Trouble in an Airline Operations Room -complex sheet -computer-based? -need new methods for understanding work practice in detail

Work Practice and Design Sociality -community rather than the individual Closeness of designers to users -design from a distance -> gap between scenarios and actual circumstances

Ethnography and Interaction Analysis Ethnography - traditional method of social and cultural anthropology - careful study of activities and relations Interaction Analysis - detailed investigation of the interaction of people with the material environment - focus on joint definition and accomplishment of the work

What we record Setting-oriented records Person-oriented records Object-oriented records Task-oriented records

How we work as researchers First - a rough content log of the entire videotape - issue-based logging Careful transcription - detailed sequential analyses (focus on non-vocal interaction) Interaction analysis - uncover the regularity and efficacy Video-based interaction analysis - A powerful corrective to our tendency to see in a scene what we expect to see Time consuming and labor intensive, but worthy

Tool

Reflection and Design RESEARCH DESIGNPRACTICE Appreciation for Current practice Action Research Rich Descriptions Reflection Future Visions Design scenarios, Prototype Evaluation

Points / Discuss Video allows to see the action repeatedly. Participants usually do not perceive information that is obvious to them and their recollection of events is not very accurate. Video promotes the analysis and understanding of the situation, to proceed with a fast prototype and return to the analysis and understanding of the new situation. What is the applicability in the industry? Doesn’t it require too much time?

Lucy A. Suchman Professor, Anthropology of Science and Technology Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, UK awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer a nd Cognitive Science and elected to the Academy of ACM SIGCHI in researcher at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, most recently as a Principal Scientist and ma nager of the Work Practice and Technology area, a multidisciplinary research group Ph.D. in Social/Cultural Anthropology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1984

Recent publications 2002 (with R. Trigg and J. Blomberg) Working Artefacts: Ethnomethods of the prototype. British Journal of Sociology Vol. 53, No. 2: Practice-based design of information systems: Notes from the hyperdeveloped World. The Informatio n Society, 18: Building Bridges: Practice-based ethnographies of contemporary technology. In Schiffer, M. (Ed.) An thropological Perspectives on Technology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp Making A Case: "Knowledge" and "Routine" work in document production. In Luff, P., Hindmarsh, J. a nd Heath, C. Work, Interaction and Technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp Suchman, L. and Bishop, L. Problematizing "Innovation" as a Critical Project. Technology and Strateg ic Management Volume 12 (1): Organizing Alignment: A case of bridge-building. Organization, Vol. 7 (2): Embodied Practices of Engineering Work. Mind, Culture & Activity, 7(1&2): (with J. Blomberg, J. Orr, and R. Trigg) Reconstructing Technologies as Social Practice. In P. Lyman and N. Wakeford (Eds.).) Special issue of the American Behavioral Scientist on Analysing Virtual Societies: New Directions in Methodology, Vol. 43, No. 3, November/December, pp Working Relations of Technology Production and Use. In Mackenzie, D. and Wajcman, J. (Eds.) The Social Shaping of Technology, Second Edition. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press, pp (with J. Finley, J. Muse, J. Blomberg, S. Newman and R. Trigg) O Night Without Objects. In C. Harris (Ed.) Art and Innovation: The Xerox PARC Artist-in-Residence Program. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp Human/Machine Reconsidered. Cognitive Studies Vol. 5, No. 1, March, pp Centers of Coordination: A case and some themes. In Resnick, L. B., S ä lj ö, R., Pontecorvo, C., & Bur ge, B. (Eds.) Discourse, Tools, and Reasoning: Essays on Situated Cognition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp (with J. Blomberg and R. Trigg) Back to Work: Renewing Old Agendas for Cooperative Design. In M. Kyng and L. Mathiassen (Eds.) Computers and Design in Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp The Social and Interactional Dimensions of Human-Computer Interfaces, Peter J. Thomas (Ed.), revie wed in the American Anthropologist Vol. 99, No. 3, pp (with J. Blomberg and R. Trigg) Reflections on a Work-Oriented Design Project. Human-Computer Int eraction, Volume 11, pp

Randall H. Trigg Ph.D. in Computer Science, University of Maryland, Participatory Design consultant at the Global Fund for Women, a non-profit that supports international groups working for women’s human rights Research scientist, Work Practice & Technology group Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Research in ethnographically-influenced participatory/cooperative design, tailorable system design, open hypermedia Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University. Research in participatory design and system development, hypermedia, tailorable systems and open architectures July 1989 Researcher, Xerox Corporation Researcher on the Workplace project. Co-design and implementation of the Activity Representation Tool to support the work of video-based interaction analysis.

Trigg, R. H. (2000). From Sandbox to "Fundbox": Weaving participatory design into the fabric of a busy non-profit. Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference (PDC 2000). T. Cherkasky, J. Greenbaum, P. Mambrey, J. K. Pors (eds.). Palo Alto, CA, US A: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) Gr ø nb æ k, K., & Trigg, R. H. (1999). From web to workplac e: Designing open hypermedia systems. MIT Press.Gr ø nb æ k, K., & Trigg, R. H. (1999). From web to workplac e: Designing open hypermedia systems. MIT Press. Trigg, R. H., Blomberg, J., & Suchman, L. (1999). Moving document collections online: The evolution of a shared repository. Proc eedings of the Sixth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW'99). S. B ø dker, M. Kyng, K. Sch midt (eds.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Suchman, L., Blomberg, J., Orr, J. E., & Trigg, R. (1999). Reconstructing technologies as social practice. American Behavioral Sc ientist, 43(3), Trigg, R. H. (1996). Hypermedia as integration: Recollections, reflections and exhortations. Keynote address: Hypertext '96 Confe rence, Washington, DC. Trigg, R. H. (1996). Hypermedia as integration: Recollections, reflections and exhortations. Keynote address: Hypertext '96 Confe rence, Washington, DC. Blomberg, J., Suchman, L., & Trigg, R. (1996). Reflections on a Work-Oriented Design Project. Human-Computer Interaction, 11( 3), Earlier version appeared in R. Trigg, S. I. Anderson, & E. Dykstra-Erickson (Eds.), Proceedings of Participatory Desi gn Conference (PDC'94). Palo Alto, CA, October. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, P.O. Box 717, Palo Alto, CA , Gr ø nb æ k, K., & Trigg, R. H. (1996). Toward a Dexter-based model for open hypermedia: Unifying embedded references and link o bjects. In Proceedings of Hypertext'96. Washington, DC, March ACM Press, Gr ø nb æ k, K., & Trigg, R. H. (1996). Toward a Dexter-based model for open hypermedia: Unifying embedded references and link o bjects. In Proceedings of Hypertext'96. Washington, DC, March ACM Press, Blomberg, J., Suchman, L., & Trigg, R. (1995). Back to Work: Renewing Old Agendas for Cooperative Design. In Proceedings of Third Decennial Conference on Computers in Context: Joining Forces in Design. Aarhus, Denmark, August Trigg, R. H., & B ø dker, S. (1994). From implementation to design: Tailoring and the emergence of systematization in CSCW. In R. Furuta & C. Neuwirth (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94). New York: A CM Press, Gr ø nb æ k, K., & Trigg, R. H. (1994). Design issues for a Dexter- based hypermedia system. Communications of the ACM, 37(2), Suchman, L., & Trigg, R. (1993). Artificial Intelligence as Craftwork. In S. Chaiklin & J. Lave (Eds.), Understanding Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press, Suchman, L., & Trigg, R. H. (1991). Understanding Practice: Video as a Medium for Reflection and Design. In J. Greenbaum & M. Kyng (Eds.), Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Trigg, R. H. (1991). From trailblazing to guided tours: The legacy of Vannevar Bush's vision of hypertext use. In P. D. Kahn & J. N yce (Eds.), From Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind's Machine. Academic Press. Trigg, R. H. (1988). Guided Tours and Tabletops: Tools for Communicating in a Hypertext Environment. In Proceedings of ACM CSCW'88 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. New York: ACM Press, Trigg, R. H., & Irish, P. M. (1987). Hypertext Habitats: Experiences of Writers in NoteCards. In ACM Hypertext'87 Proceedings. N ew York: ACM Press, Trigg, R. H., Moran, T. P., & Halasz, F. G. (1987). Adaptability and Tailorability in NoteCards. In Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'8 7: Human-Computer Interaction, Trigg, R. H. (1983). A Network-Based Approach to Text Handling for the Online Scientific Community. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Co mputer Science, University of Maryland (University Microfilms # ), November. Trigg, R. H. (1983). A Network-Based Approach to Text Handling for the Online Scientific Community. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Co mputer Science, University of Maryland (University Microfilms # ), November.