Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae 1. Perennial herbs, trees, shrubs. 2. Usually milky latex. 3. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. 4. Flower actinomorphic, 5-merous. 5. Corolla 5 petals united into a tube. 6. Androecium of 5 epipetalous stamen. 7. Massive stigmatic area: Cavuncle. 8. Fruit: follicle, berry, capsule. 9. Seeds often comose. Apocyanum “dogbane” Amsonia “blue star”

Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Asclepidaceae 1. Perennial herbs, shrubs. 2. Usually milky latex. 3. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. 4. Flower actinomorphic, bisexual, 5-merous, hypogenous. 5. Inflorescence umbellate.

Calyx of 5 basally connate sepals. Corolla of 5 united petals - specialized. 2 carpels. Specialized corolla structure corona - hoods (5), beaks (5), pistil gynostegeum grooves (5), anthers - pollinia (5)

Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Asclepidaceae 1. Perennial herbs, shrubs. 2. Usually milky latex. 3. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. 4. Flower actinomorphic, bisexual, 5-merous, hypogenous. 5. Inflorescence umbellate. 6. Calyx of 5 basally connate sepals. 7. Corolla of 5 united petals - specialized carpels. 9. Specialized corolla structure corona - hoods (5), beaks (5), pistil - gynostegeum grooves (5), anthers - pollinia (5) 10. Fruit: Follicle. Asclepias “milkweeds”

Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds”  1. Herbs with swollen nodes.  2. Leaves with nodal ocrae.

Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds”  1. Herbs with swollen nodes.  2. Leaves with nodal ocrae.  3. No corolla.  4. Calyx petaloid (mostly closed).  5. 3 carpels  Polygonum “smartweeds”  Rumex “buckwheats” “dock”  Rheum “rhubarb”

Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds”

 Polygonum “smartweeds”  Rumex “buckwheats” “dock”  Rheum “rhubarb”

Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae (Gramineae) 1. Roots are always fibrous. Perennial grasses may have rhizomes.

Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae (Gramineae) 1. Roots are always fibrous. Perennial grasses may have rhizomes. 2. Shoots are called culms. 3. Leaves are parallel-veined. Sheath, ligulle, blade 4. Flowers (florets) are always clustered into spiklets. - 2 stigmas, 3 stamen (long filaments), No calyx or corolla! - each floret is enclosed by two scales: lemma (may be awned), Palea

 Poa, Bromus, Andropogon

Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” 1. Herbs, stems often triangular, solid. 2. Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules.

Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” 1. Perennial or annual herbs, stems often triangular, solid. 2. Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules. 3. Flowers subtended by a single bract, lodicule absent. 4. Perianth if present represented by bristles or scales. 5. Androecium 1 – 3; gynecium 2 – 3 if present, superior.

Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” 1. Perennial or annual herbs, stems often triangular, solid. 2. Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules. 3. Flowers subtended by a single bract, lodicule absent. 4. Perianth if present represented by bristles or scales. 5. Androecium 1 – 3 if present; gynecium 2 – 3 if present, superior; perigynium sometimes covers pistil. 6. Plants monoecious ir dioecious. 7. Spikelets are usually solitary subtended by 1 bract; arrangement of spikelets in various types of inforescences, each inflorescence subtended by 1 or more bracts genera and 4000 species worldwide, esp. in temperate and cold regions. Cyperus “sedges”…Cyperus papyrus made into paper B.C. Egypt Carex “sedges”, Scirpus “bulrushes”, Eleocharis “spike rushes”

Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Carex “sedges”

Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Scirpus “bulrushes”

Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Eleocharis “spike rushes”