American Industrial Hygiene Conference Atlanta, Georgia American Industrial Hygiene Conference Atlanta, Georgia PO135 Exposure Assessment Strategies II May 13, 2004

AIHce, May 13, The Relationship Between Several Variables and Benzene Exposures in the Maritime Industry Frank M Parker, III, CIH T Gerry Luther, OHST Ronald G Conrad, CIH ( ) Environmental, Health and Safety Management Magnolia,Texas

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables US Coast Guard Regulations US Coast Guard Regulations “No person may be subject to a personal exposure in excess of the permissible exposure limits unless respiratory protection is used”.[46 CFR ] “No person may be subject to a personal exposure in excess of the permissible exposure limits unless respiratory protection is used”.[46 CFR ]

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables USCG Permissible Exposure Limits USCG Permissible Exposure Limits Action Level [AL]: Action Level [AL]: 0.5 ppm [8 hr. TWA]; 0.5 ppm [8 hr. TWA]; Time Weighted Average [TWA]: Time Weighted Average [TWA]: 1 ppm [8 hr. TWA] ; and 1 ppm [8 hr. TWA] ; and Short Term Exposure Level [STEL]: Short Term Exposure Level [STEL]: 5 ppm [15 min]. 5 ppm [15 min].

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables US Coast Guard Monitoring Criteria US Coast Guard Monitoring Criteria Applies to US registered vessels only; Applies to US registered vessels only; Cargos containing less than 0.5% benzene are exempt from monitoring; Cargos containing less than 0.5% benzene are exempt from monitoring; For Cargos containing >0.5% [5,000 ppm]: For Cargos containing >0.5% [5,000 ppm]: Repeat Monitoring each July or August; and Repeat Monitoring each July or August; and “monitoring must be conducted under those weather conditions that will maximize benzene exposure such as low wind, stable air, and high temperature” “monitoring must be conducted under those weather conditions that will maximize benzene exposure such as low wind, stable air, and high temperature”

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Hypotheses: Hypotheses: Transferring cargos: Transferring cargos: containing PEL; containing PEL; containing >0.5% results in exposures > PEL; containing >0.5% results in exposures > PEL; In July & August results in exposures > PEL; and In July & August results in exposures > PEL; and During low wind, stable air, and high temperatures results in exposures > PEL. During low wind, stable air, and high temperatures results in exposures > PEL.

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Simply Put: Simply Put: Is there any correlation between: Is there any correlation between: Benzene concentration in the cargo [%]; Benzene concentration in the cargo [%]; Low wind [mph]; Low wind [mph]; Stable air [?]; Stable air [?]; High Temperature [ 0 F] High Temperature [ 0 F] And employee exposure concentrations?

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Database Summary: Database Summary: 1992 – – ships & 14 barges 50 ships & 14 barges 64 loading and 32 off loading operations; 64 loading and 32 off loading operations; Location: Location: Gulf of Mexico [59] Gulf of Mexico [59] Atlantic [14] Atlantic [14] Pacific [21] Pacific [21] Red Sea [1] Red Sea [1] North Sea [1] North Sea [1]

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Database Summary [Cont.] Database Summary [Cont.] Number of Samples : Number of Samples : TWA – 1494 TWA – 1494 STEL – 542 STEL – 542 Cargo Cargo Methodology Methodology Air: 3M-3500 OVM Badges / NIOSH 1500/1501 Air: 3M-3500 OVM Badges / NIOSH 1500/1501 Liquid: GC Liquid: GC

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables GasRegGasMidGasPremJetDiesel Fuel Oil CrudeB’nkrAlkySlop #Samp Max Ave Min <0.5% >0.5% Benzene Concentrations in Cargos [%]

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation= -0.32

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation= -0.41

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.05

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.11

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = -0.01

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.07

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = -0.14

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.01

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.003

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.02

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Conclusions: Conclusions: There is substantially no correlation between benzene content of cargo, July and August, wind speed, stable air, or temperature and worker benzene exposure concentrations. There is substantially no correlation between benzene content of cargo, July and August, wind speed, stable air, or temperature and worker benzene exposure concentrations. % Transfers Exceeding Standards: % Transfers Exceeding Standards: USCG – TWA = 15.6%; STEL = 20.8% USCG – TWA = 15.6%; STEL = 20.8% ACGIH TLV – TWA = 31.2%; STEL = 41.7% ACGIH TLV – TWA = 31.2%; STEL = 41.7%

AIHce, May 13, Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Research Needs: Research Needs: OVM, or other simple technology, that will allow us to perform STEL (15 minutes) measurements at a 1ppm detection level. OVM, or other simple technology, that will allow us to perform STEL (15 minutes) measurements at a 1ppm detection level. A hand held, real time monitoring instrument, that will measure benzene in a multi chemical environment. A hand held, real time monitoring instrument, that will measure benzene in a multi chemical environment.