First-Order Logic: Better choice for Wumpus World Propositional logic represents facts First-order logic gives us Objects Relations: how objects relate.

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Knowledge Representation using First-Order Logic

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First-Order Logic: Better choice for Wumpus World Propositional logic represents facts First-order logic gives us Objects Relations: how objects relate to each other Functions: return value for given input

Syntax and Semantics First-order logic has the following: Constant symbols represent objects book, A, cs327 Predicate symbols represent relations OlderSibling(Lisa,Bart) OlderSibling(Maggie,Lisa) OlderSibling(Maggie,Bart) Function symbols represent functions FatherOf(Luke) = DarthVader

Syntax and Semantics Atomic Sentences Father(Luke,DarthVader) Siblings(SonOf(DarthVader), DaughterOf(DarthVader)) Complex Sentences and, or, not, implies, equivalence Equality

Universal Quantification “For all, for every”: Examples: Usually use with Common mistake to use

Existential Quantification “There exists”: Typically use with Common mistake to use True if there is no one at Carleton!

Properties of quantifiers Can express each quantifier with the other

Some examples Definition of sibling in terms of parent:

First-Order Logic in Wumpus World Suppose an agent perceives a stench, breeze, no glitter at time t = 5: Percept([Stench,Breeze,None],5) [Stench,Breeze,None] is a list Then want to query for an appropriate action. Find an a (ask the KB):

Simplifying the percept and deciding actions Simple Reflex Agent

Using logic to deduce properties Define properties of locations: Diagnostic rule: infer cause from effect Causal rule: infer effect from cause Neither is sufficient: causal rule doesn’t say if squares far from pits can be breezy. Leads to definition: