Reunion Presentation 2008 Dwight Drake Federal Payroll Tax 15.3 % of first $102,000 of earned income 2.9% of excess earned income

Reunion Presentation 2008 Dwight Drake Bottom Line for Middle- and Low-Income America More Than One in Seven Earned Dollars Taken Off The Top to Feed the Gorilla } Gorilla Tax

Reunion Presentation 2008 Dwight Drake Rush Limbaugh Website - “Truth About Taxes” Only the Rich Pay Taxes! IRS Latest Data: - Top 1% Pay More Than 39% - Top 25% Pay Over 86% - Top 50% Pay Over 97%

Reunion Presentation 2008 Dwight Drake Rich vs. Non-Rich Non-Rich Rich Self employment income 60,000 0 S Corp earnings 0 300,000 Dividends 0 150,000 Capital gains 0 150,000 Total Income 60, , x Income taxes 2, , x Taxes as % of income 4.24% 18.14%

Reunion Presentation 2008 Dwight Drake Rich vs. Non-Rich Non-Rich Rich Self employment income 60,000 0 S Corp earnings 0 300,000 Dividends 0 150,000 Capital gains 0 150,000 Total Income 60, , x Income taxes 2, , x Gorilla payroll taxes 9,180 0 Total taxes 11, ,892 Taxes as % of income 19.54% 18.14%

Reunion Presentation 2008 Dwight Drake Savings As % of Household Disposable Income

Reunion Presentation 2008 Dwight Drake 80% of Americans: Payroll Tax Hit Exceeds Income Tax Hit - Often By Many Times Source: Congressional Budget Office (January 2002)

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake C Corp Depr. Ded. Tax Exempt or foreign entity Property Lease Sale-In Lease Out (‘SILO”) Corporate Tax Shelter Debt Service Lease Payments

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake SILO Simplified Hypothetical Numbers The Deal: - Property Cost $60 million yr 5%. Annual debt service $3,840,000. Approx. $3,240,00 interest; 600k principal. - Lease payments: $3,300,000 a year. First Year Tax Impact if depreciation 10 yr 150% DDB: C Corp: Lease income: 3,300,000. Interest expense: (3,240,000) Depreciation: (9,000,000) Tax Loss (8,940,000) Tax 35% 3,129,000 Exempt Org Dollar gain & C Corp dollar cost: $540,000 (3,840,000 less 3,300,000)

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Domestic C Corp Foreign entity Foreign Income Corporate Tax Shelter Shift ala UPS Common Owners Independent Company Deductible Premiums Reinsurance Premiums

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake C Corp Shelter Attacks 1.New Section 470 Anti-SILO Provision: Protection fund less than 20% of basis; min. 20% equity investment if lease over 5 yrs; lessee not bear risk of loss if lease over 5 yrs; if over 7 yr class life, any lessee option price must be FMV at time of exercise. 2.Expanded information reporting requirements under Extended statute of limitations for listed transactions under New failure to disclose penalty under 6707A. 5.New accuracy related penalty for listed and reportable transactions under 6662A. 6.Interest deduction denied on underpayments per redesigned 163(m). 7.New penalties for individuals failure to report, not maintaining investor lists, for tax shelter promoters, failure to report foreign accounts. 8.Expanded authority to enjoin material advisors. 9.Confidentiality exception for professionals on tax shelters. 10.Senate attempts at “non-business propose” and “changed economic position” standards. House has refused to play ball. Only a matter of time.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Check The Box Game Pre – Big fear was partnership or LLC taxable deemed “association” taxable as C corp. - Two Given Factors: Associates Business Objective - Four Determinative Factors (Must Flunk Two): Continuity of Life Central Management Limited Liability Free Interest Transferability

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Check The Box Game Post – Corporate Characteristic Test Gone. - Corporation is taxed as corp – C or S. - Partnership or LLC taxes as partnership unless elect to be taxed as C or S corp. Effective up to 75 days before and 12 months after election. - Sole owner non-corp is disregarded entity, taxed as sole proprietorship. - Pre-97 entities keep status, except for solos. - No change for 60 months – unless IRS approval or 50% change in ownership.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Check The Box Game Tax consequences of change: From partnership to C status: Deemed contribution of assets for stock, followed by liquidation with stock distributed to owners. From C status to partnership: Deemed asset distribution by corp to shareholders (very expensive tax wise), followed by contribution of assets to new partnership.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Why Use C Corp? 1.Bracket racquet at low end: $13,750 corporate tax of first $75,000 of earnings versus $26,250 individual (35%). 2.Tax-free employee benefits for shareholder employees. 3.Tax-free reorganization potential. 4.Corporate year flexibility. 5.§ 1045 Rollover potential. 6.§ 1202 capital gain exclusion (50%). Deceiving at 28% rate. 7.§ 1244 ordinary loss treatment. (50k limit) 8.LTCG treatment on stock gain. 9.Consolidated return convenience. 10.True “Separateness” – “Don’t mess with my return” factor. 11. Auto control for majority.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Rate Comparisons Married Filing Jointly: C Corps (Inclusive Bubbles) First 14, % First 50k 15% Excess to 58,100 15% Excess to 75k 25% Excess to 117,250 25% Excess to 100k 34% Excess to 178,650 28% Excess to 335k 39% (First Bubble) Excess to 319,100 33% Excess to 10 mill 34% Excess 35% Excess to 15 mill 35% Capital Gain Max 15% Excess to mill 38% (Second Bubble) Dividend Max 15% Excess 35%

C Corp Income Split – 150k C Corp Pass Thru Entity C tax on 50k 7,500 Owner income tax on excess 14,236 27,140 Total Income tax 21,736 27,140 Savings of 19.9% * Assumes payroll taxes a push, married couple with two exemptions, use of standard deduction, and year is Copyright 2005 Dwight Drake. All Rights Reserved. Business Planning: Closely Held Enterprises www. drake-business-planning.com

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Fringe Benefit Limitations 1. Three primary employee fringe benefits: - Section 79 Group Term Life Insurance - Medical and Dental Reimbursement Plans - Section 125 Cafeteria Plans 2. C Corp employees get all even if shareholders 3. Partners of partnership may not participate 4. 2% or more shareholders of S Corp may not participate

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Why Use Partnership-Taxed Entity? 1.Income pass thru – no double tax. 2.Loss pass thru – still have basis, at-risk and passive loss hurdles. 3.Passive income potential. 4.Special allocation potential. 5.Outside basis adjustments. 6.Easy cash and property bail-outs. 7.Inside basis adjustment – Tax-free profits interest. 9.Transfer-for-value exception.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake S Corp Eligibility Requirements (§ 1361) 1.Eligible Corps – no banks or insurance companies, affiliated group member only if “Qualified Subchapter S Subsidiary” – 100% owned by S corp and election to disregard QSSS as tax entity. 2.Shareholder number: 100 max. Married couple count one. Families (6 generations deep) may count as one. If fiduciary holds, look thru to beneficiaries. 3.Eligible shareholders: No corps, partnerships, nonresident aliens, or ineligible trusts. Estate’s, qualified pension trusts and some charitable trusts OK. 4.One Class of Stock. Voting differences only allowed.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Trusts That Work With S Election 1.Voting trusts 2.Grantor trusts 3.Testamentary trusts that were grantor trusts – for 2 years following death of grantor. 4.Testamentary trusts that receive S corp stock under will – but only for 2 years following death. 5.“QSST” - Qualified Subchapter S Trusts. Requires: Only one beneficiary; all income distributed annually to US citizen or resident; Elect QSST status and treated as owner of S corp stock for tax purposes. QTIP Trust classic example. 6.“ESBT” – Electing Small Business Trust. Requires: All beneficiaries qualified S corp shareholders; all interests received by gift or bequest, not purchase; trust S corp income taxed at highest individual marginal rates. Advantage: allows multiple Bs and income sprinkling.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Straight Debt Huge Safe Harbor 1361(c)(5) 1.Unconditional promise to pay on demand or at specified time. 2.Interest rate and payments not contingent on profits or discretion. 3.No convertibility 4.Creditor actively and regularly engaged in lending money or is individual, estate or trust that would be eligible S corp shareholder. Note: If safe harbor met, excess interest may still not be treated as interest for tax purposes.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Why Use S Corporation? 1.Income pass thru – no double tax. 2.Loss pass thru – still have basis, at-risk and passive loss hurdles. Basis hurdle tougher. 3.Passive income potential. 4.Outside basis adjustments. 5.Bail-outs – easier than C, harder than partnership. 6.Tax-free reorg potential. 7.Full capital gains benefit on stock sale. 8.Easier self employment tax planning. 9.Multiple entity consolidation with QSSS. 10.Auto majority control potential.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(a) Z Corp 99 Individuals A & B Brothers JT 1 Share Each 21 Shares Valid S Corp. 100 Shareholder Requirement Satisfied Per Family Provision of 1361(c)(1).

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(b) Z Corp 99 Individuals A & B Spouses 1 Share Each 21 Shares Valid S Corp. 100 Shareholder Requirement Satisfied Per Family Provision of 1361(c)(1).

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(c) Z Corp 99 Individuals A & B Spouses 1 Share Each 21 Shares S election good so long as shares held in A’s estate. Once transferred to F, 100 shareholder requirement flunked. S election ends, with short S year and short C year. F Friend A Dies, Shares Transferred

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(d) Z Corp 99 Individuals Voting Trust 1 Share Each 21 Shares Voting trust permissible S shareholder, but 100 shareholder requirement flunked because now have 102 shareholders. 3 Beneficiaries

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(e) Z Corp 99 Individuals Revocable Living Trust 1 Share Each 21 Shares Grantor trust permissible S shareholder, and 100 shareholder requirement not flunked because only one beneficiary. One Beneficiary

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(f) Z Corp 99 Individuals QTIP Trust 1 Share Each 21 Shares QTIP trust may qualify as “qualified subchapter S trust” under 1361(d) if beneficiary makes election under 1361(d)(2). One Beneficiary

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(g) Partnership S Corp 100 Shr’s S Corp 100 Shr’s Partner S election permitted per Rev. Rule Rationale: 100 limit was for administrative simplicity, which is not adversely effected by partnership. S Corp 100 Shr’s Partner

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(h) S Corp Shareholder Voting Common Nonvoting Common S election works. Voting and nonvoting still considered one class per 1361(c)(4). Preferred would kill S if issued, but no effect if unissued. Unissued Preferred Shareholder

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(i) S Corp Shareholder Common Stock Agreement gives shareholders with large tax burden larger distributions. Two classes of stock per Reg (l)(2)(v). No S election permitted. Shareholder Tax Distribution Agreement

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 694(j) S Corp Shareholder Debt & Stock 25 to 1 Ratio Shareholder Debt & Stock 25 to 1 Ratio Clearly bonds may be equity, but not kill S if “straight debt” per 1361(c)(5)(A). Neither subordination nor high rate prevent “straight debt”, but excess interest may not be deductible as interest.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 699(a) S Corp ABCD 300 Shrs 100 Shrs Operations began October 3 (a)Who must consent to S? All shareholders, including nonvoting. 1362(a)(2). If B sold to G, both B & G would need to consent because both shareholders during first year. If B refused, then election good for second year. If B partnership which transfer to individual, election not good for first year because B (ineligible shareholder) owned for part of first year. Election good for year 2.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 699(b) S Corp ABCD 300 Shrs 100 Shrs Operations began October 3 (b)When election required? By 15 th day of third month. 1362(b)(1)(B). Begin Oct 3, so election due by Dec 17. New corp year begins when corp has shareholders, acquires assets or begins business, whichever is first.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 699(c) S Corp ABCD 300 Shrs 100 Shrs Operations began October 3 (c) What taxable year allowed? “Permitted year” is calendar year or natural business year. 25% last two month gross reciepts test of Rev. Proc Also, 444 election and 7519 deposit game allowed. Since ski resort, should meet 25% test.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 699(d) S Corp ABCD 300 Shrs 100 Shrs Operations began October 3 (d)Who can revoke? Those owning more than half all stock outstanding, including non-voting. Reg (a). A would need one additional shareholder. If revocation by 15 th day of 3 rd month, effective on first day of year. Otherwise, effective for next year. 1362(d)(1)(C).

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 699(e) S Corp ABCD 300 Shrs 100 Shrs Operations began October 3 (e) C sells to nonresident alien? S termination immediately. 1362(b)(1)(C). Current year divided into short S year and short C year. 1362(d)(2)(B) & 1362(e).

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 699(f) S Corp ABCD 300 Shrs 100 Shrs Operations began October 3 (f)Only 5 shares to Olga and C had no knowledge? 1362(f) permits cure for inadvertent termination. Olga’s sale would need to be rescinded and C recognizes income otherwise allocable to Olga. “Inadvertent” burden of proof on corporation. Fact that corp had no knowledge of sale “tends to establish” proof of “inadvertence”. Reg (b) and -5.

Corporate & Partnership Tax - Instructor: Dwight Drake Problem 699(g) S Corp ABCD 300 Shrs 100 Shrs Operations began October 3 (g)What if 45% gross receipts from rentals, dividends and interest? No problem with S election because no C corp earnings and profits – 1362(d)(3) termination for 25% passive income not apply. Before ’82, there was 20% lid on passive income for all S corps, but no more. Now passive termination threat exists only if C corp E & P, which will never exist for corp that has always been S corp.