Agrarian Crisis Rural Depopulation Small Farmers Robert Schwartz

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Presentation transcript:

Agrarian Crisis Rural Depopulation Small Farmers Robert Schwartz Mount Holyoke College

State of the question Rural depopulation Rural mobility: significant but not new, 1820s-1920s. New after 1850s: shift from temporary to definitive moves Returns: up to 40% of individual migrants move back by age 45 [findings from studies based on samples, e.g., A. Rosental; J-C Farcy and A. Faure]. “Rural exodus” 1860s-1920s? Not a sudden, massive departure and uprooting everywhere . . . . But a gradual, uneven redistribution of the rural population that varied over time and space during this period. Evidence?

Registration Districts in England & Wales Net Migration in France and England & Wales France Percentage Population change due to out migration 1860-70 1870-80 1880-90 1890-1900 Registration Districts in England & Wales

The Release of Agricultural Labor, 1861-1891 Out migration

Shift from Grains to Perishables: Norfolk County Barley and Wheat Orchard and Market Gardens

Increase of Small and Medium Holdings Agrarian Crisis 1873-1896 Number of Holdings by Category in England & Wales, 1875-1914 Year 50-300 Acres Index 1875=100 300 Acres & above 1875 120264 100 16106 1880 120742 100.4 16747 104.0 1885 121961 101.4 16608 103.1 1895 125068 16021 99.5 1903 126980 105.6 15351 95.3 1908 127864 106.3 15041 93.4 1913 128718 107.0 14513 90.1 1914 128989 107.3 14413 89.5 Depression Holdings of 50 to 300 acres as percentage of all holdings 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 Number of Holdings by Category in England & Wales, 1875-1914 Year 20-50 Acres 50-300 Acres Index 1875=100 300 Acres & above 1875 120264 100 16106 1880 120742 100.4 16747 104.0 1885 73472 121961 101.4 16608 103.1 1895 74846 125068 16021 99.5 1903 126980 105.6 15351 95.3 1908 127864 106.3 15041 93.4 1913 78027 128718 107.0 14513 90.1 1914 78545 128989 107.3 14413 89.5 Holdings of over 300 acres as percentage of all holdings

Distribution of Farms by size in Departments, 1882 Size of Farms in France Distribution of Farms by size in Departments, 1882 Increase in Middling Farms, 5-20 hectares

Increase in Small Farms 1880 to 1900 Average Size of Farms by Counties (Acres) 1900 1880

Agrarian Crisis Rural Depopulation Small Farmers Robert Schwartz Mount Holyoke College