Do Insects Infest Wood Packing Material with Bark Following Heat Treatment? Robert Haack, Toby Petrice USDA Forest Service Pascal Nzokou and D. Pascal Kamdem Michigan State University

27 Exotic Borers discovered in Exotic 2 Exotics 3 Exotics 6 Exotics First found in 17 states 5 Cerambycids 1 Siricid 2 Buprestids 19 Scolytids 11 ambrosia, 8 bark beetles

Common types of WoodPacking Material (WPM) Pallets Crating Dunnage Spools

USA: Bark- & wood-infesting insect interceptions on WPM from 113 countries during Source: USDA APHIS Port Information Network Top 10 Italy Germany China Spain Belgium Russia India Mexico France UK

Chile: Insect interceptions on WPM from 38 countries during 1995 – 1999 Top 10 USA Brazil Germany Argentina Italy India Peru Colombia Ecuador Spain Source: Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero

The US Pallet Industry > 500 million new pallets produced/year > 500 million new pallets produced/year > 250 million pallets repaired/year > 250 million pallets repaired/year International Trade Most cargo is shipped in containers More than 300 million containers shipped worldwide in 2003 Container ships often cross oceans in 1-2 weeks Inspection rates are low worldwide, usually 1 to 5% The US inspection rate is < 2%

ISPM 15 (2002) ISPM 15 (2002) is an international standard to reduce the risk of introducing pests associated with WPM International Forest Quarantine Research Group (2003) 1st question to IFQRG: Do insects and disease organisms infest wood after HT or MB treatment, especially when bark is present?

2004: Log Study Pine, Hickory, Maple, Oak 2005: Lumber Study Pine

2004: Log Study Pine, Hickory, Maple, Oak Trees cut in June 2004 no bark removed Cut 1-m-long bolts of each species, no bark removed Treated bolts (56C-30m) & put back in field within 2 weeks Half of bolts recovered in July 2004 Others recovered in March 2005

Dissected half of each bolt Reared the other half in cardboard tubes

Scolytids and Cerambycids infested all logs, including both control & HT logs Gnathotrichus, Ips, Monarthrum, Orthotomicus, Xylosandrus, Xyloterinus Acanthocinus, Monochamus, Saperda, Urographus, Xylotrechus

Mean scolytid (2004) and cerambycid (2005) emergence density from green barked logs that were subjected to natural attack after HT Number / m2 Number / m2 Tree InsectHeat Control Hickory Ambrosia beetles543 2 Cerambycids 36 4 Maple Ambrosia beetles Cerambycids 27 4 Oak Ambrosia beetles Cerambycids 4 23 Pine Bark beetles Ambrosia beetles Cerambycids 1 14

2005 Study 2 Treatments (HT, Control) 2 Treatments (HT, Control) 1 Tree species (red pine) 1 Tree species (red pine) Lumber dimensions 1 m long Lumber dimensions 1 m long 1-inch and 4-inch boards Amount of bark present on one face Amount of bark present on one face No bark No bark Eight small patches: 4-in 2 or 25 cm 2 Eight small patches: 4-in 2 or 25 cm 2 Two large patches: 16 in 2 or 100 cm 2 Two large patches: 16 in 2 or 100 cm 2 All bark All bark 12 replicates for each combination 12 replicates for each combination Placed in field for 3 weeks Placed in field for 3 weeks Half dissected, half reared Half dissected, half reared

Bark categoryControl Heat 1-inch boards No bark 0 % 0 % Small patches Large patches All bark inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches Large patches All bark Percent Infestation of Boards by Bark Beetles

Bark categoryControl Heat 1-inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches Large patches All bark inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches Large patches All bark Bark Beetle Gallery Density (No. / m 2 )

Bark categoryControl Heat 1-inch boards No bark 0 % 0 % Small patches 0 0 Large patches 0 0 All bark inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches 0 0 Large patches All bark Percent of Boards with Bark Beetle Progeny Exit Holes

Bark categoryControl Heat 1-inch boards No bark 0 % 0 % Small patches Large patches All bark inch boards No bark 0 0 Small patches Large patches All bark Percent Infestation of Boards by Cerambycids

Summary 1.Scolytids and cerambycids did infest boards with bark following HT. 2.Eggs were laid on both small (25 cm 2 ) and large (100 cm 2 ) bark patches. 3.Scolytids completed development under large bark patches (100 cm 2 ) but not small bark patches (25 cm 2 ). 4.Scolytids and cerambycids did not infest bark-free boards.

The NAPPO Forestry Panel met in Long Beach, CA, in early 2006 Considering that the NAPPO members (Canada, Mexico, US) started to require ISPM-15 treated wood in 2006, they also agreed to collect data to answer these 2 questions: 1.What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that has the ISPM 15 mark? How does this differ from marked WP without bark? 2.What is the incidence (and size) of bark on the lumber used in the manufacture of WP? No bark < credit card > credit card, but credit card, but < piece of paper > piece of paper

2006 US National WPM Survey Six ports were selected for survey in 2006 Seattle, WA Long Beach, CA Detroit, MI Elizabeth, NJ Laredo, TX Savannah, GA

Long Beach, CA Busiest US port 4.5 million containers in 2005

What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that have the ISPM 15 mark? How does this differ from WP without bark? 2.6% of boards with bark had live insects 0.0% of boards without bark had live insects Preliminary Results from Long Beach, CA

What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that have the ISPM 15 mark? How does this differ from WP without bark? 2.6% 2.6% of boards with bark had live insects 0.0% of boards without bark had live insects What is the incidence (and size) of bark on the lumber used in the manufacture of WP? 88.9 % no bark had bark 71 %< credit card 24> credit card, but < piece of paper 5> piece of paper 2.6% x 11.1% = 0.3% WP had live insects under bark. This is similar to reports from Australia and EU: 0.5% Preliminary Results from Long Beach, CA

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