Railway Safety Plan and Its Status in Korea IRSC 2007, Goa, India Railway Safety Plan and Its Status in Korea Sanglog Kwak*, Jonbae Wang, Yunok Cho, Hyukjin Yoon Korea Railroad Research Institute National Railway Safety R&D Program Office

About KRRI : Korea Railroad Research Institute

About KRRI : Korea Railroad Research Institute Founded in 1996, financed by Korean government 246 individuals works for railway R&D division and national project division Key research area Rolling stock, track & civil engineering, signaling & electrical engineering, railway policy & operation National projects High speed train development , upgrading conventional railway, design urban rail transit system, transportation technology, Trans-Korean railway construction National safety R&D program from 2004 Homepage : www.krri.re.kr KRRI founded in 1996, and financed by Korean government 246 individuals works for railway R&D division and national project division We have 5 key research area and 6 national project division, National safety R&D program is going on form 2004. Currently 23 personal working for railway system safety in KRRI You can find more information from the website : www.krri.re.kr

Background : General information in Korea 3.7 billion passenger moved 65.4 billion passenger-km Railway take more than 25% of passenger-km Passenger-km increase 2% every year 10 TOC operate 99 lines(4,000km) Korail operate 80 lines(3,380km) 9 Metro TOC operate 16 lines(500km) 1,050 station, 1,510 level crossing(26 accidents, 3 fatalities) 60% of lines are electrified 280 individuals work on safety management 460 accidents, 190 fatalities (40% are attempted suicide) Experience based safety management  Risk based safety management This slide shows background of railway safety in Korea In 2006, totally 3.7 billion passenger moved 65 billion passenger km, 18 passenger-km for each journey. Railway take more than 25% of passenger-km among transportation mode. Which figures are steadily increasing about 2% every year. Currently 10 TOC operate 4000km railway lines, Korail previously Korean National Railway, privatized 2004, operate majority of Korean railway. 10 TOC have total 1050 stations, 1510 level crossings 60% of lines are electrified and this ratio is steadily increasing. In TOC about 280 individuals works on safety management in Korea. Besides, about 60 individuals work on railway safety at government, research institute, competency management, accident investigations In 2006, 460 accidents occurred which results 190 fatalities. Legal background for risk based safety management have been established in 2004, but it will be an optional choice by 2008. This is an transition period from experience based safety management to risk based safety management. Korea have many experience and many specialists on risk management in nuclear industry. So many experts in nuclear industry are joining together in railway safety projects.

Background : Safety Status Number of accidents fatalities are plotted in this graph. About 40% of fatalities are attempted suicide. Fatalities on national railway are steadily decreasing, But fatalities on metro railway are increasing due to the increase of passenger and operating companies

Background : Safety Status Improving safety from 2004 This graph shows the number of railway accident change in recent years. Number of accidents from national railway and metros are plotted in this graph. In 2003, there had a tragic subway fire accident, and Railway Safety Act was established in 2004. Safety management and safety plan have been carrying our after 2004. Due to the enforcement of safety regulations, accident have been decreasing whereas the passenger-km increase.

Background : Accident Cause National rail : 253 accidents, Metro : 207 accidents Accident and incident occurred in 2006 have been analyzed and shown in this slide. National railway accidents causes composed of … External causes includes trespass, attempted suicide, level crossings accident. Human factors, about 50% are caused by driver’s problems. Old diesel locomotive rolling stock, which are planning to discard due to electrification, cause break down failure. Metro accident & incident caused are some what different comparing national railway line External cause is higher ratio due to the slip, fall, attempted suicide in the station platform.

Background : Environmental Change in Korea Passenger’s concern on safety Structural reform of railway industries Separation of operator and infrastructure manager Change of Health and Safety Act at Work (working hours, shift work) Metro related accident increase Increase number of attempted suicide and slip in the platform Aging of population KTX (Korea Train eXpress) operation from 2004 Preparation of international Railway connection TSR (Trans Siberian Railway) TKR (connection of the North and South Korean Railway) Electrification of conventional line Increasing railway hazards but no railway safety plan by 2004 Non-precedent change have been occurred in recent years during 105-year railway history. These includes … 1) Passenger’s concern on safety 2) Structural reform of railway industries, Separation of operator and infrastructure manager 3) Change of Health and Safety Act at Work (working hours, shift work) 4) Metro related accident increase : Increase number of attempted suicide and slip in the platform 5) Aging of population 6) KTX (Korea Train eXpress) operation at 2004 7) Preparation of international Railway connection TSR (Trans Siberian Railway), TKR (connection of the North and South Korean Railway) 8) Electrification of conventional line Which results Increasing railway hazards but no railway safety plan by 2004

Background : Application of Railway Safety Act Daegue subway train fire accident (191 fatalities) Safety Planning (from 2006, annual) National wide railway safety program Construction of SMS & Safety Case approval (from 2006, biennial) Risk Management (from 2008, biennial) Safety inspection (from 2006 , biennial) Safety technology R&D Accident investigation Etc. After train fire accident Railway Safety Act 2004 was established. Main contents of railway safety act are shown in this slide Some of regulation in the Act are not activated by 2008 But many of key safety management activities are included such as Safety Planning, National wide railway safety program Construction of SMS & Safety Case approval (from 2006, biennial) Risk Management (from 2008, biennial) Safety inspection (from 2006 , biennial) Safety technology R&D Accident investigation Etc. According to the Act, National Railway Safety Plan was established in 2006.

The 1st Railway Safety Plan TFT from all railway safety related organizations in 2005 Government, TOCs, research institute joins Determine 77 safety measures, budget, schedule Requirements for safe operation of the railway system Environmental change for railway safety Current problems and limitation on safety In relation with other plan Accident analysis & Risk analysis Many iterative work among organization The 1st Railway Safety Plan was released in 2006 Establish annual safety plan from 2006 Progress management from 2006 Planning process is shown in this slide TFT, composed by government, TOCs, research institute have been composed from 2005. Determine 77 safety measure and related budget, schedule and effects are estimated based on the following. Requirements for safe operation of the railway system Environmental change for railway safety Current problems and limitation on safety Many iterative work among organization In relation with other plan Accident analysis & Risk analysis And the plan was release in 2006 and each safety related organization have to established their own annual plan from 2006

Safety Plan in Korea The 6th Transportation Safety Plan Transportation Safety Act(1979) Including all transportation modes  Road Traffic safety is major concern Government and TOCs establish plan Passenger & public safety The 1st Railway Safety Plan(2005) Railway Safety Act (2004) All the railway safety related organization have to prepare Need for approval of government SMS, safety measure, schedule, results, budget National safety target and safety index Risk management included Passenger, public, and staff safety Covers all railway related accidents Before the 1st Railway Safety plan Transportation safety plan have been sole plan in railway industry. And the plan have been established in relation with Railway Safety plan from 2007. Currently th 6th Transportation Safety Plan have been applied. The 1st railway safety plan have been applied from 2005. Safety related organizations have to establihed their own safety plan based on the 1st railway safety plan from 2006. This include the following .

Safety management organizations National organization Government (MOCT): safety budget, safety policy, safety target, safety case policy, safety plan, safety standard ARAIB : accident investigation, Part of MOCT KOTSA : Competency & safety information management, safety case approval & safety inspection KRRI : establishment of safety rules & standards (draft), guidelines, manuals, risk assessment, safety technology research, support expert to MOCT & ARAIB, KOTSA Korea Rail Network Authority : infrastructure structure manager Private organization Korail : operate passenger & freight train, traffic control, track & station maintenance. (Korea National Rail from 2004) Metro operating company : 7 metro funded by regional governments Private TOCs Safety management organizations in Korea are shown in this slide.

Safety Measures & Budget in 2007 The 1st Railway Safety Plan (2006-2010) Safety measure in 6 field, 77 projects (6 billion USD ) Reducing 40% of accidents and fatalities Safety Plan in 2006 Staff management 13 projects, 31mil. USD Upgrading safety infrastructure : 13 projects. 392 mil. USD Rolling stock safety management 16 projects, 558 mil. USD Establishment of SMS : 11 projects, 1 mil. USD Accident investigation and emergency response system : 14 projects, 7 mil. USD R&D on Safety technology : 10 projects, 16mil. USD Important measures are listed in the paper The 1st safety plan have 77 projects in 6 fields which need 6 billion USD during 2006-2010 6 fields and budget in 2006 are shown in the following.

Safety Measures : Staff management Train driver license regulation from 2006 Management on competency, aptitude test, physical examination, experience on route, education Daily examination of driver before on board Sleeping time, alcohol / drug test Testing tools and question sheet Monitoring of high risk staff Accident related personal, novice driver, etc. Change of person’s habit or misunderstanding on work Training program for safety critical work Operation and development of training program Evaluation of training program, incentive on staff for safety activity Preparation of track work guideline Working and planning process Train warning system, installation of safe area on working place The 1st field is staff management. Human factors have been the major reason for accident. And many of safety measure are focused on train driver.

Safety Measures : Infrastructure safety High risk 466 level crossing Change into over bridge Install obstruction detector Platform Screen Door installation Safety fence & CCTV Emergency train stop button in platform & communication System Fire Safety Emergency evacuation tunnel Toxic gas ventilation system Warning system, smoke detector, emergency light Etc.

Safety Measure : Rolling stock safety Application of safety standard for collison, derailment, and fire Interior material change : Non-toxic gas release in case of fire Risk assessment for design approval Discharging old rolling stock(> 25years) Installation & Upgrade : signaling, comm. System Upgrading rolling maintenance equipments Etc. In 2006, many of the budget is spending on rolling stock related safety measure.

Safety Measure : Safety Management System Regulation for Safety Case (2006), Risk Assessment (2008) Regulation for Trespass, level crossing management Regulation for R/S design approval and verification SMS for dangerous freight transportation SMS will be developed in relation with R&D results

Safety Measure : Accident Investigation & crisis management Establishment of ARAIB Expertise in investigation Cooperation system with other organizations Design & construction of accident and safety information system Publishing railway safety white paper Construction of preliminary traffic control center for emergency response Establishment of security and terror response system Advertisement on emergency response

Safety Measure : Safety technology R&D System engineering for the interface control of research topics System safety application( including risk assessment) R&D on human factors, training system using simulator Testing and evaluation technique for major accident (including testing infrastructure installation) Design and construction of an safety information management system Development of emergency action guideline for designed accident scenarios Development of intelligent level crossing and the improvement of safety performance

Transition to Risk Based Safety Management Current national R&D program for railway safety System safety & system engineering Establishment of safety management system Development of assessing & preventing techniques for major accidents 13 programs are based on risk assessment Results will be reflected in the next safety plan, regulations and rules

Conclusions and future plan Railway safety plan and its status are presented 1st Railway safety plan became the basis of safety activities Safety measures and current status in 6 fields are introduced 20% of accidents reduced, 4% of passenger increase during 2years Problems will be reflect in the next plan Resistance on new regulation and standards Lack of expertise on small TOC’s safety management organization. Consistency among regulation, plans, and standard Different schedule between activity and safety budget

Thank you

National R&D on railway safety 1. System engineering and project management 2. Hazard analysis and risk assessment for safety management 3. Establishment of a management system for the human error and the assessment of aptitude 4. Establishment of a training system using simulators for the human error management 5. Establishment of safety standards and management system for infrastructure 6. Establishment of safety standards and management system for rolling stocks 7. Establishment of safety standards and management system for safety critical S/W 8. Establishment of safety standards and management system for dangerous freight operation 9. Development of emergency action guidelines for designed accident scenarios 10.Design and construction of an safety management information system 11. Development of test and evaluation techniques for the fire resistance of rolling stocks and infrastructures 12. Development of test and evaluation techniques for collision and the improvement of safety performances 13. Development of test and evaluation techniques for derailment and the improvement of safety performances 14. Development of test and evaluation techniques for train control system and the improvement of safety performances 15. Development of intelligent level crossing and the improvement of safety performances