January 26, 2009 Conventional Energy Sources, continued.

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Presentation transcript:

January 26, 2009 Conventional Energy Sources, continued

U.S. Coal Flow Diagram If we want to reduce coal use, and the problems associated with it, what sector of the economy should we increase the efficiency of?

Coal deposits are found in “seams” that can range in size from inches to hundreds of feet thick.

Extraction of coal –Open pit mining –Mountain top removal –Deep mining Transport of coal

Use of Coal Air and Water Pollution –Heavy metals –Sulfur –Residual waste Waste Heat Pollution Coal Ash Spill in E. TN &NR=1

U.S. Natural Gas Flow Diagram

Where Natural Gas is Found and US Production

U.S. Electricity Flow Diagram, 2007

Reserves to Production Ratio Oil – 40 years Natural Gas – 67 years Coal – 180 years Energy Return on Investment declining !

Challenges with Conventional Energy Sources 1.Environmental impacts of extraction, transport and refining 2.Environmental impacts of combustion: Local and regional air pollution Global climate change 3.Non-renewable nature / long-term availability of supplies 4.Security of supplies (esp. crude oil)

Energy and Air Pollution: Local Scale

Overview of Topics Pollutants Primary and secondary pollutants Scales of Air Pollution –Local: photochemical smog –Local: Gray-Air or Industrial Smog –Regional: acidic deposition –Clean Air Act –Global: Ozone Depletion and Global climate change

Pollutants chemicals in the atmosphere in quantities and duration that are harmful to human health and the environment

Types of air pollutants –Primary pollutants - –Secondary pollutants -

Pollutants 1.CO 2.SO 2 3.NOx (NO and NO 2 ) 4.Particulate Matter 5.Photochemical oxidants in smog (O 3, PANs, H 2 O 2 ) 6.Lead

Damages Organs Affects: – Brain and Nerves –Heart and Blood –Plants and Animals –Fish

Primary vs. Secondary Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Sources Natural Stationary COCO 2 SO 2 NONO 2 Most hydrocarbons Most suspended particles SO 3 HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 H2O2H2O2 O3O3 PANs MostandsaltsNO 3 – Mobile SO 4 2 –

Classic Smog City: Los Angeles Sunny climate Light winds Mountains on three sides Ocean on the other side Thermal inversions (

Temperature Inversions

Pollutants vs. Time of Day Nitric oxideNitrogen dioxideOzone A.M.NoonP.M. Time Parts per million

Pollution from China?????? html

Top Ozone Cities

Best Cities

Effects of photochemical oxidants such as O 3 Damage lungs and stress the heart Cause loss of immune system function Kill plant cells: brown spots Reduce tree growth and make them more susceptible to other damages Corrode and destroy materials such as paint, rubber.