Geographic Information Systems An Introduction Stefan Falke U82-200

Pop vs Soda vs Coke

Pop vs Soda vs Coke by County

2004 Presidential Election Results Bush Kerry 62,040,606 59,028,109 PopularElectoral

States size are adjusted to be proportional to population States size are adjusted to be proportional to number of electoral votes

2004 Presidential Results by County

County size is proportional to population

What is GIS? ‘GIS’ is Geographic Information System Traditional definition is that GIS is a set of computer tools for accessing, processing, visualizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting spatial data. GISystems: Emphasis on technology and tools GIScience: Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS, such as: Spatial analysis Map projections Accuracy Scientific visualization Implementation and application of GIS covers a wide spectrum: Simple maps Overlaying multiple map “layers” Comparing data sets (simple data analysis) Complex statistical analysis gis.com

Geospatial Information Science & Technology GIS&T Data Creation, Management, and Integration Spatio-Temporal Data Analysis Visualization Remote Sensing Spatial Mapping (GIS) Web Info Systems Interoperability Geospatial Policy & Standards Reusable Tools GPS Location-based Services

Geospatial Information Science and Technology According to a recent Department of Labor report, the three most important emerging and evolving fields are: Biotechnology Nanotechnology Geospatial technology (Gewin, V., Mapping Opportunities, Nature, 427 (6972) , Jan. 2004) “…acquires, manages, interprets, integrates, displays, analyzes, or otherwise uses data focusing on the geographic, temporal and spatial context.” (GeoSpatial Workforce Development Center at the University of Southern Mississippi)

Spatial Data Analysis Turns raw data into useful information –by adding greater informative content and value Wisdom Knowledge Evidence Information Data Adapted from Bolstad, 2005

The John Snow Map A classic example of the use of location to draw inferences 1854 cholera outbreak in London Point data map indicated some spatial clustering Overlaying a map of water pump locations showed many cases were concentrated around a single pump

GIS Layer Overlay

GIS Software Architecture User Interface Data Management Tools / Functions Data Access, Conversion Display, Analysis, Manipulation Viewers, Controls Data

Components of GIS Organized collection of –Hardware –Software –Network –Data –People –Management “GIS should be viewed as a process rather than as merely software or hardware.” (Malczewski, 1999) People Software Data Management Hardware Network

Views to a GIS Map view: Focus on cartographic (mapping) aspects of GIS Thematic GIS layers Input map => Output map Database view: Focus on database management system Simple queries to retrieve and overlay data Spatial analysis view: Focus on analysis and modeling Views GIS more as information science Organizational (Enterprise) view: An approach to managing an organization’s data, information, and knowledge GIS is "a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes" (Burrough and McDonnell, 1998) GIS is “a database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database” (Smith et al., 1987) “The true potential value of Geographical Information Systems lies in their ability to analyze spatial data using the techniques of spatial analysis" (Goodchild, 1988) “ a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem-solving environment” (Cowen, 1988)

A Brief History of GIS GIS is relatively young but mapping and spatial analysis preceded it by thousands of years Manual map overlay as a method was first described comprehensively in a 1950 textbook Mathematics for spatial analysis were developed in the 1930s and 1940s GIS evolution parallels that of general information technology

A Brief History of GIS – 1960s The 1960s saw the advent of geographic data and mapping software First GIS was the Canada Geographic Information System developed for land resource measuring and inventory analysis The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis established Aeronautical Charting and Information Center in St. Louis US Defense Mapping Agency in St. Louis (then NIMA – National Imagery and Mapping Agency, now (as of 11/03) NGA – National Geospatial Intelligence Agency)

A Brief History of GIS – 1970s GIS Functions for points and polygons Satellite imagery (Landsat) Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) for census areas Gridded data analysis programs Rudimentary graphics ESRI (Environmental Science and Research Institute) established Intergraph founded Increased GIS use by government agencies

A Brief History of GIS – 1980s ESRI ArcInfo Global Positioning System (GPS) GIS Journals and Conferences MapInfo TIGER (Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) Census project Academic GIS courses Widespread acceptance across disciplines Increased availability of satellite imagery

A Brief History of GIS – 1990s Migration to PC Open GIS Consortium National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) Web GIS GIS Day (annual event in November)

A Brief History of GIS – 2000s WebGIS Wireless (PDAs, cell phones) Embedded Sensor Networks Distributed Databases GIServices

Special Spatial Nomenclature Geographic – Limited to phenomena and problems relating to Earth’s surface and near-surface Spatial – Any space, including geographic, but not restricted to geographic coordinate space, e.g. medical imaging, Mars Geospatial – A recent term to represent the subset of spatial applied specifically to the Earth’s surface. (synonymous with geographic)

Course Objectives  Understand the fundamental principles of GIS  Gain background and hands-on experience with software tools for working with spatial data.  Appreciate the complexities involved in data processing, analysis, and mapping

Course Outline DateTopicReading 31-AugGIS OverviewBolstad Chp 1 7-SepGeospatial DataLongley Chp 3 14-SepProjections and Coordinate SystemsBolstad Chp 3 21-SepFeature AnalysisBolstad Chp 9 28-SepSurface AnalysisBolstad Chp 10/11 5-OctSpatial Data AnalysisBolstad Chp OctSpatial Modeling / Web GISBolstad Chp OctExam / Project Presentations Problem Set #1 PS #1 due PS #2 PS #2 due

Texts Bolstad, Paul GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems, 2nd Edition, Eider Press, ( Longley, Paul; Michael Goodchild; David Maguire and David Rhind Geographic Information Systems and Science, 2 nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2005 Gorr, Wilpen and Kristen Kurland GIS Tutorial: Workbook for ArcView 9, ESRI Press, 2005 All are on reserve at the Earth & Planetary Science Library

Project The project involves working through a GIS application using data of interest to you. Key aspects of the project are to bring in data into GIS and use GIS to gain new insight into the data. Paper describing the project data, methods, tools, and results. (3-5 pages) Presentation summarizing the project. (about 5 minutes) Paper and Presentation are both due on October 19.

Grading Problem Sets 30% Exam 30% Project 30% Class participation 10% Late Policy: Problem sets are due two weeks after they are assigned. They should not be late.

Information Request Please send an to with the Name: Department/Organization: Level/Position: Interest in course: Previous experience with GIS:

Telesis Webpage will contain: Class syllabus Lecture slides Online links to resource materials

Homework Determine your logistics for this course Buy or use library copies of texts? Next week we will go through Tutorials 2&3 in Gorr Where to use ArcGIS outside of class? Begin thinking about your project topic

GIS Software Packages AutodeskESRIIntergraphMapInfoManifold Viewer AutoCAD LT ArcReader GeoMedia ViewerProViewerCustom DesktopWorldArcViewGeoMediaMapInfo Professional Manifold GIS Profess- ional AutoCAD / Map ArcEditor ArcInfo GeoMedia ProMapInfo Professional Manifold GIS Hand-heldOnSiteArcPadIntelliWhereMapXtend-- Database Server Design Server ArcSDEUses Oracle Spatial SpatialWareSQL Server Component Modeling In several products Map Objects Part of GeoMediaMapX, MapJManifold Object Model InternetMapGuideArcIMSGeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise MapXtreme, MapXSite Manifold IMS

GIS Market Estimated 2004 revenue - $2 Billion (10% growth over 2003) Software (64%) Services (24%) Data Products (8%) Hardware (4%) Market Share (2003) ESRI - 34% Intergraph - 13% Autodesk - 9% IBM GIS Business Unit- 9% GE Energy - 8% Leica Geosystems- 7% Mapinfo - 4% Other - 16% Largest market for GIS Software: Utilities industry (21%), followed by state and local governments Others: Idrisi GRASS Manifold

ArcGIS System Architecture

ArcGIS Main Components ArcMap ArcCatalog

ArcMap Central ArcGIS application Handles map-based tasks

ArcToolbox Contains the tools for geoprocessing

ArcCatalog Organizes and manages GIS data

ArcCatalog

GIS Data Formats

Working in ArcGIS

Spatial Analyst Raster and Vector Analysis

Geostatistical Analyst Advanced spatial analysis

3D Analyst

ESRI ArcGIS To start ArcMap: - Select Start Button - Go to Programs-> ArcGIS -> ArcMap Create a directory with your name under “My Documents” Copy data for tutorial 1 to your directory Username: U Password: Ge0graphic