Prof. John Nestor ECE Department Lafayette College Easton, Pennsylvania ECE Computer Organization Lecture 2 - Technology Trends Fall 2004 Reading: Image Source: Intel Corporation Portions of these slides are derived from: Textbook figures © 1998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers all rights reserved Tod Amon's COD2e Slides © 1998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers all rights reserved Dave Patterson’s CS 152 Slides - Fall 1997 © UCB Rob Rutenbar’s Slides - Fall 1999 CMU other sources as noted
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends2 Roadmap for the Term: Major Topics Computer Systems Overview Technology Trends Instruction Sets (and Software) Logic & Arithmetic Performance Processor Implementation Memory systems Input/Output
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends3 Outline - Technology Trends Brief History of Computer Technology Today’s Technology: VLSI CMOS VLSI Technology Trends
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends4 A Brief History of Computer Technology 1940s-50s - Vacuum Tubes 1950s-60s - Discrete Transistors 1960s-70s - Discrete ICs (e.g., TTL) 1970s-present - LSI and VLSI microprocessors
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends5 Computer History s-1960s ENIAC s (Vacuum Tubes) IBM s (Transistors)
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends6 Computer History s DEC VAX 11/ s (Discrete IC’s) Intel s (First Microprocessor)
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends7 Computer History s MOS Technology 6502 Apple II Computer
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends8 Computer History s Intel 8088 (LSI Microprocessor) Original IBM PC
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends9 Outline - Technology Trends Brief History of Computer Technology Today’s Technology: VLSI VLSI Technology Trends
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends10 Today: VLSI Microprocessors PowerPC 7400 (G4) 6.5M transistors / 450MHz / 8-10W L=0.15µm Pentium® III 28M transistors / 733MHz-1Gz / 13-26W L=0.25µm shrunk to L=0.18µm
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends11 Today: VLSI Microprocessors Pentium® 4 42M transistors / GHz 49-55W L=180nm Pentium® 4 “Northwood” 55M transistors / 2-2.5GHz 55W L=0.130nm Area=131mm 2 Process Shrinks Pentium® 4 “Prescott” 125M transistors / GHz 115W L=90nm Area=112mm 2
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends12 Today: VLSI Microprocessors PowerPC® 940 (G5) 58M transistors / 2GHz / 97W L=130nm Area=118mm 2 Image courtesy International Business Machines All Rights Reserved Intel Itanium® 2 410M transistors / 1.3GHz / 130W L=130nm Area=374mm 2 Image source: Intel Corporation
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends13 VLSI Technology Overview Fabrication of multiple transistors on a chip Dominant technology: CMOS Other technologies: Bipolar (e.g., TTL) Bi-CMOS - hybrid Bipolar, CMOS GaAs - Gallium Arsenide (for high speed) Si-Ge - Silicon Germanium (for high speed, RF)
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends : L=130nm 2003: L=90nm 2005: L=65nm? VLSI Technology - CMOS Transistors Transistor length L shrinks over time!
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends15 VLSI Technology - CMOS Logic Gates NAND NOR What logic functions do these gates perform?
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends16 VLSI Processing (book Fig 1-14)
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends17 VLSI Design Tradeoffs Cost - related to chip size Amount of logic Current technology Non recurring engineering (NRE) cost vs. unit cost Performance Clock speed Implementation Application Power consumption Power supply voltage Clock speed
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends18 Outline - Technology Trends Brief History of Computer Technology Today’s Technology: VLSI VLSI Technology Trends
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends19 VLSI Trends: Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that transistors would continue to shrink, allowing: Doubled transistor density every 24 months Doubled performance every 18 months History has proven Moore right But, is the end in sight? Physical limitations Economic limitations I’m smiling because I was right! BUT… No exponential is forever! Gordon Moore Intel Co-Founder and Chairmain Emeritus Image source: Intel Corporation
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends20 Microprocessor Trends (Intel) Source: EE Times
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends21 Microprocessor Trends Alpha (R.I.P) P4N, G5 Sources: Intel Corporation, IBM Corporation, EE Times I2M
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends22 Microprocessor Trends (Log Scale) Alpha (R.I.P) P4N, G5 G4 Sources: Intel Corporation, IBM Corporation, EE Times I2M
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends23 DRAM Memory Trends (Log Scale) Source: Textbook, Industry Reports
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends24 Performance Trends Source: Hennesy & Patterson Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 3rd Ed., Morgan-Kaufmann, Vax 11/780
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends25 Summary - Technology Trends Processor Logic capacityincreases ~ 30% per year Clock frequencyincreases ~ 20% per year Cost per functiondecreases ~20% per year Memory DRAM capacity: increases ~ 60% per year (4x every 3 years) Speed: increases ~ 10% per year Cost per bit: decreases ~25% per year Disk Storage capacityincreases ~60% per year
ECE 313 Fall 2004Lecture 2 - Technology Trends26 Roadmap for the Term: Major Topics Computer Systems Overview Technology Trends Instruction Sets (and Software) Logic & Arithmetic Performance Processor Implementation Memory systems Input/Output