Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance. Scientists like Mendel and Morgan showed us how genes behave… Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance.

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Chapter 16~ The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

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Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Scientists like Mendel and Morgan showed us how genes behave… Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Scientists like Mendel and Morgan showed us how genes behave but no one knew what genes were made of, until… Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Avery (1928) Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Avery (1928) Two strains of pneumonia bacteria: S (smooth) = deadly R (rough) = harmless. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Avery (1928) S bacteria can transform R bacteria, making them S Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Avery (1928) S bacteria can transform R bacteria, making them S. Even heat-killed S bacteria can transform R bacteria. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Hershey & Chase (1952) Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Hershey & Chase (1952) Grew phage viruses with radioactive sulfur or phosphorus Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Hershey & Chase (1952) Grew phage viruses with radioactive sulfur or phosphorus. Allowed viruses to infect cells. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Hershey & Chase (1952) Separated infected cells from empty virus husks Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Hershey & Chase (1952) Separated infected cells from empty virus husks. Sulfur stayed with husks, phosphorus entered cells. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Watson, Crick, & Franklin (1953) Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Watson, Crick, & Franklin (1953) Worked out the double helix structure. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) Cultured DNA with heavy nitrogen, then centrifuged it to find its density. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) semi-conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) semi-conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) semi-conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) dispersive Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) dispersive Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) dispersive Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) semi-conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) semi-conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) semi-conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) semi-conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) semi-conservative Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) dispersive Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) dispersive Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) dispersive Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) dispersive Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) dispersive Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) So what really happened? Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) So what really happened? Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 1 st replication →

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) So what really happened? Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 1 st replication →

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) So what really happened? Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 1 st replication → 2 nd replication →

Meselson-Stahl (1950’s) So what really happened? Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 1 st replication → 2 nd replication →

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 1. Replication begins at origins of replication. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 2. A primer (short strand of RNA) is attached to DNA. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 3. Y-shaped replication forks form at opposite ends of a replication bubble. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 4. DNA polymerases work in the 5’ → 3’ direction. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 5. Synthesis produces a continuous leading strand and Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 6. Okazaki fragments are joined together by DNA ligase. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 7. DNA polymerase proofreads new DNA and corrects errors in pairing. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 8. In excision repair, enzymes can cut out and replace damaged DNA. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 9. Telomeres (ends of DNA) get shorter with each replication. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A large team of enzymes carries out DNA replication 10. Telomerase can extend the ends.. Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance