1 TOPIC #8 What New and Innovative Sampling, Analytical, and Interpretive Techniques are Needed to Determine the Properties and Sources of Carbonaceous.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
PM 2.5 Carbon Measurements in EPA Region 10 Robert Kotchenruther, Ph.D. NW-AIRQUEST June, 2011.
Advertisements

What are the important parameters that need to be defined for a carbonaceous aerosol analysis ? Hélène CACHIER Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de.
Raman Spectroscopy A) Introduction IR Raman
Optical Properties of Aerosol Particles Introduction Atmospheric aerosol particles play a significant role in determining Earth's climate, through their.
Aerosol and climate Chul Eddy Chung ( 정 철 ) GIST, Korea.
Pat Arnott, ATMS 749 Atmospheric Radiation Transfer Figure 13: Heat map (within white box) of the thermally active field of fractures in saturn’s moon.
Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy
A Dictionary of Aerosol Remote Sensing Terms Richard Kleidman SSAI/NASA Goddard Lorraine Remer UMBC / JCET Short.
Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer: Development, Validation, and Initial Application T. B. Onasch,A. Trimborn,E. C. Fortner,J. T. Jayne,G. L. Kok,L.
Multiwavelength Photoacoustic Measurements of Light Absorption and Scattering by Wood Smoke More Specific Title: Evidence for light absorption by organic.
Aerosol optical properties for fall time urban conditions Kerwyn Texeira and Lan Gao University of Nevada, Reno Desert Research Institute ATMS.
1 LIDAR DETECTION OF PARTICULATE MATTER: OVERVIEW AND APPLICATION TO AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS Hans Moosmüller Desert Research Institute University.
Brown and black carbon: Light absorbing carbonaceous matter in atmospheric aerosols M. O. Andreae, T. W. Andreae, P. Artaxo, A. Gelencser, B. Graham, P.
U. Dusek 1, R. Holzinger 1, T. Röckmann 1 Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, The Netherlands Combined measurements.
Section highlights Organic Aerosol and Field Studies.
Nolwenn PERRON Göteborg, OC and EC separation for 14 C analyses N. Perron 1, L. Besnier 1, S. Szidat 2, A. S. H. Prévôt.
COPERT 4 Training (5. PM) 1 COPERT 4 Training 5. Exhaust and non-exhaust PM.
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592) Date: March 29, 2000 Slide:1 Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing Class 11: Air Quality.
1 A Fractional AOD Approach to Derive PM2.5 Information Using MISR Data Coupled with GEOS-CHEM Aerosol Simulation Results Yang Liu, Ralph Kahn, Solene.
VII. How might current analysis methods be enhanced or combined to obtain more information about the nature of OC, EC, and other carbon fractions in filter.
Radiative Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols and Regional Haze Jin Xu DAS Science Talk February 17, 2004.
Brown carbon in the continental troposphere: sources, evolution and radiative impacts Evolution of Brown Carbon in Wildfire Plumes -Submitted to GRL- Rodney.
Μ Reactor Synthesis of Nano-Particles Interest in Nano-Particles μReactor versus Batch Reactor Eric Hostetler, Joe Ferron, Mohammad Al Falasi Project Advisor:
Instant Notes Analytical Chemistry
M ULTI -W AVELENGTH O PTICAL C ALIBRATION OF T HERMAL /O PTICAL ANALYZER AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS John G. Watson, Judith C. Chow, L.-W. Antony Chen,
 PART Requirements for Spectroscopic Techniques for Polymers 1. High resolution 2. High sensitivity (>1%) 3. High selectivity between molecular.
BC, EC and OC Metrics, emissions and trends Jeroen Kuenen, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Bas Henzing, Antoon Visschedijk EC emissions from diesel-fuelled vehicles,
July 2001Zanjan, Iran1 Atmospheric Profilers Marc Sarazin (European Southern Observatory)
Chromatography Dr.Tawfeq A. Al-Howiriny Associate Professor
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry P.O. Box 3060 Biogeochemistry Department D Mainz, Germany Manaus plume tracking LBA-Claire 2001 Manaus Fligh track.
Advanced Spectroscopy 3. Infrared Spectroscopy. Revision 1.What molecular or structural features give rise to absorption of infrared (IR) radiation? covalent.
Recommendations for Interpretation of "Black Carbon" Measurements John A. Ogren Chairman, WMO/GAW Scientific Advisory Group for Aerosols National Oceanic.
Characterization of Aerosol Physical, Optical and Chemical Properties During the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study (BRAVO) Jenny.
Proposal for a Research Infrastructure for Advanced Aerosol Observations and Capacity Building in China Alfred WIEDENSOHLER Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric.
Measurement of free iron content in desert dust : effect on light absorption, size dependence and soil influence S. Lafon, J.-L. Rajot, S. C. Alfaro, A.
25/05/20071 About comparability of measured and modeled metrics Jean-Philippe Putaud Fabrizia Cavalli DG JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability.
ASCOS Planned Aerosol Instrumentation Aboard Oden Douglas Orsini Jost Heintzenberg Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research Leipzig, Germany.
Infrared Spectroscopy
Online measurements of chemical composition and size distribution of submicron aerosol particles in east Baltic region Inga Rimšelytė Institute of Physics.
In Situ and Remote Sensing Characterization of Spectral Absorption by Black Carbon and other Aerosols J. Vanderlei Martins, Paulo Artaxo, Yoram Kaufman,
Size Distributions Many processes and properties depend on particle size –Fall velocity –Brownian diffusion rate –CCN activity –Light scattering and absorption.
Water and Solutions A topic that’s “all wet”. Unique properties of water Polarity  O-H bond is polar – oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen.
Numerical simulations of optical properties of nonspherical dust aerosols using the T-matrix method Hyung-Jin Choi School.
1 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy Lecture 21.
TOPIC # 6 … How does carbonaceous particle composition, shape, and size affect optical properties in the air and when sampled on a filter? How might optical.
HPLC.
HPLC.
In-Situ Measurement of Scattering Albedo of Atmospheric Aerosol in the Amazon Region Otmar Schmid 1, Meinrat O. Andreae 1, W. Patrick Arnott 2, Paulo Artaxo.
1 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 13 PHY Lecture 13 Remote sensing using emitted IR radiation.
Introduction Instruments designed and fabricated at the Desert Research Institute, Reno Emphasis on the Integrating Nephelometer for scattering measurements.
Measurements of light absorption spectra of fine particle aqueous extracts during CalNex at the Pasadena ground site X. Zhang and R. J. Weber Georgia Institute.
- 1 - Satellite Remote Sensing of Small Ice Crystal Concentrations in Cirrus Clouds David L. Mitchell Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada Robert P.
Simulation studies of total absorption calorimeter Development of heavy crystals for scintillation and cherenkov readout Dual readout in the 4 th concept.
What Are the Implications of Optical Closure Using Measurements from the Two Column Aerosol Project? J.D. Fast 1, L.K. Berg 1, E. Kassianov 1, D. Chand.
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY.
RAMAN EFFECT.
Lecture 2 Introduction to Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) and Radiative Transfer Apparent Optical Properties (AOPs) C. Roesler 3 July 2007.
Chapter 5 – Organic Analysis
Chromatography- TLC & HPLC
COPERT 4 Training 6. Exhaust and non-exhaust PM
Bob Cary and David Smith
Aerosol chemistry studies at the SMEARIII station in Kumpula
Raman Spectroscopy A) Introduction IR Raman
Multiwavelength Photoacoustic Measurements of Light Absorption and Scattering by Wood Smoke More Specific Title: Evidence for light absorption by organic.
AQUEOUS SYSTEMS.
About comparability of measured and modeled metrics
Rationalizing the differences between thermo-optical OC/EC methods.
Jean-Philippe Putaud, Fabrizia Cavalli
Photoacoustic Measurements of Aerosol Light Absorption Aloft
DRAFT GAW/WMO SAG – AEROSOL
Presentation transcript:

1 TOPIC #8 What New and Innovative Sampling, Analytical, and Interpretive Techniques are Needed to Determine the Properties and Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosol in the Atmosphere? Hans Moosmüller Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV

2 Duct Tape is like “The Force”. It has a dark side and a light side and it holds the universe together

3 Carbonaceous Aerosol is like “The Force”. It has a dark side (EC) and a light side (OC) and it seems to be difficult to tell them apart? But does it hold the universe together? Needs more research! Don’t forget to mention the possibility in your next proposal!

4  Why can’t we tell OC/EC apart? Charring/Pyrolysis causes trouble! Do we fully understand the charring process? Not until Episode 3&4 of the OC/EC Workshop!

5 Why Do We Care About EC/OC? 1. Radiative Transfer and Visibility (Scattering and Absorption and Indirect Effects) 2. Source Apportionment 3. Health Effects (small, toxic particles)

6 Appropriate Measurements: EC/OC? 1. Radiative Transfer and Visibility: Absorption, Scattering, CCN 2. Source Apportionment: Any conservative properties 3. Health Effects: Mass for soluble part, surface area or number for insoluble part, toxic compounds.

7 All I want for Christmas… 1. First Principle Definition and Measurement of EC/OC or more appropriate parameters. 2. Real Time Measurement with large dynamic range and with 1 hour time resolution for ambient and 1 s for sources measurements 3. Absorption and Scattering Coefficients 4. Understand Health Effects of EC/OC 5. Remote Sensing of EC/OC

8 What Did I Get? 1. First principle definition and measurement of TC. 2. Real time measurement with 1 hour time resolution of operationally defined EC/OC. 3. Wide range of optical absorption and scattering coefficients. 4. Little understanding of EC/OC health effects. 5. No remote sensing of EC/OC.

9 What’s the Problem with Santa? Thermal optical analysis (TOA) is commonly used for EC/OC speciation. TOA is based on first principles, the refractory properties of EC and the volatility of OC. Charring transforms OC into EC and TOA from a first principle method into an operational definition. TOA is unlikely to reach a time resolution of 1s, needed for mobile and other highly variable sources.

10 Possible Approaches As we can measure TC based on first principles (but not with 1 s time resolution), we only need a good method for either EC or OC. OC is tough to measure because it is a conglomerate of hundreds or thousands of individual chemical compounds and it is difficult to identify common properties, to be used for OC quantification. EC consists of graphitic micro crystals. EC can be characterized using four(?) unique properties.

11 Four Unique EC Properties 1. Strong light absorption (Visibility & RT) 2. Graphitic Raman spectrum (Structure) 3. Insoluble in polar and non-polar solvents (Health) 4. Thermally refractory (Many fractions for source apportionment. Are they conservative measures)

12 Strong Light Absorption (EC or BC) 1. Relevant parameter for radiative transfer and visibility. 2. Much larger absorption efficiency than other atmospheric aerosols. 3. Instruments for fast (1s) absorption measurements exist. 4. Either in situ (photoacoustic) or filter measurement.

13 Light Absorption (EC or BC) For Visibility and Radiative Transfer applications, light absorption is the primary, EC related parameter needed. Why don’t we directly measure light absorption instead of using an inaccurate EC measurement together with inaccurate absorption efficiencies to calculate light absorption (Bond et al., 1998)?

14 Why is Absorption a Good Measure of BC Mass?

15 Filter Based Measurement of BC Measure attenuation through a filter 1. Batch Processing: Integrating Sphere or Plate Techniques 2. Real Time Measurements: Aethalometer, PSAP, CARUSO

16 Filter Based Measurement of BC Problems: 1.Interference between absorption by particles and scattering by particles and filter medium. 2.Limited dynamic range.

17 Filter Based Measurement of BC Partial Solutions: 1.Interference: Either correct for through additional measurements and radiative transfer approach (CARUSO, real time, Petzold et al., 2002) or eliminate scattering with index matching (batch, Ballach et al., 2001). 2.Limited dynamic range: Variable filter change interval.

18 In Situ Measurement of BC Photoacoustic Method (Arnott et al., 1999) 1. Based on and calibrated with first principles. 2. High time resolution (≈ 1s). 3. Large dynamic range (from ambient to sources). 4. Good sensitivity (≈ 0.5 Mm -1 ).

19 Graphitic Carbon (EC or GC) 1. Initial work by Rosen, Novakov (1977). 2. Recent resurgence of interest: a) Sloan’s group at the Univ. of Waterloo (Sze et al., 2001) b) Institute for Tropospheric Research (several preprints and abstracts).

20 Graphitic Carbon (GC) 1. G cm -1 : Main mode of bulk graphite proportional to crystal volume, i.e., mass of GC. 2. D (disorder) 1360 cm -1 : due to symmetry breaking at the crystal edges. D/G indicates edge over volume ratio. 3. D’ cm -1 : Analogue of the G peak for graphite layers located at the crystal boundaries, sensitive to the material around the crystal. Frequency gives information about the electronic properties of the surroundings, D’/G gives information on surface to volume ratio.

21 Graphitic Carbon (GC) N. Siddique, L. Neil, D. Fleming, J. J. Sloan (2001)

22 Graphitic Carbon (GC) Problems: 1.Poor time resolution, no real time capability. 2.Must reduce fluorescence from filter substrate. 3.Must avoid sample heating. 4.Quantitative results require modest filter loading. Potential: 1.Measurement of GC mass. 2.Measurement of GC crystal size 3.Measurement of GC environment.

23 Are GC and BC Identical? Theory:The bulk graphitic structure gives rise to the strong light absorption. Experiment:There has been some work on showing correlation between PSAP measurement of BC and GC (unpublished: NOAA CMDL and Institute for Tropospheric Research (Germany). Needed:Correlation of GC and photoacoustic BC. Characterization of pyrolyzed OC.

24 Non-Extractable Carbon (EC or NEC) 1.Takes time (≈1day) for extraction, therefore no potential for high time resolution? 2.Other non-extractable compounds? 3.Insensitive (≈ 5 µg/m 3 ).

25 Items for Discussion 1. We should use appropriate measurements for each application, not necessarily EC/OC (e.g., light absorption useful for visibility & radiative transfer). 2. Compare GC with light absorption. 3. Can we better understand pyrolitic carbon from its Raman spectrum? 4. Can we measure TC in real time with good time resolution?