MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Third Edition Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. John T. DeWolf CHAPTER © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Stress and Strain─ Axial Loading

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.1

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.2

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.3

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.4

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.5

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.9

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.11

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.13

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.14

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.15

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.16

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.17

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.18

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.19

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.20

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.21

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.22

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.23

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.28

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.29

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.30

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.31

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.32

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.33

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.34

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.35

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.36

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.37

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.38

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.39

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.40

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.41

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.42

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.43

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.44

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.45

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.46

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.47

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.48

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.49

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.50

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.51

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.52

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.53

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.54

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.55

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.56

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.57

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.58

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.59

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.60

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.61

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.62

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.63

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.64a

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.64b

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.65

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.66

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.67

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.68

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.69

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.70

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ThirdEdition Beer Johnston DeWolf Fig. 2.71