10-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Transactions and Relationships

10-3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Transactional Analysis (TA) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Transactional analysis, also known as TA, is based on the idea that people’s tactics with each other, although mostly made on an unconscious level, are much like the moved in a game.

10-4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Unconscious Mind McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  The emotions and motivations analyzed in TA are deeply rooted in the unconscious mind.  The unconscious mind is the place where humans store many otherwise forgotten memories, feelings, frustrations, and ideas.

10-5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Transaction McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  The main element of transactional analysis is transaction.  A transaction is any exchange of words between two people.

10-6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Transactional Analysis as a Whole System McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Transactional analysis is a whole- life system of psychology created for everyone.  Today, TA is gaining new international popularity.  TA is still growing today for one simple reason: it still works.

10-7 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Stimulus-Response of Transactional Analysis McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stimulus Automatic Response Critical parent Sympathetic parent Natural child Adapted child Little professor Parent Ego States Child Ego States Adult Ego States

10-8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three People Types: Child, Parent, and Adult McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  In TA language, there are three ego states within the human being. They exist because the unconscious mind records these as the three major forces in life while growing up.

10-9 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Ego States McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  The child ego state is divided into three parts, each representing a type of child- like behavior.  Natural Child: represents all the happiness, imagination, openness, and warmth of childhood.  Adapted Child: has adapted to a parent figure and to the reality that life doesn’t always give people what they want.  Little Professor: ego state of intuition, creativity, and manipulation.

10-10 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parent Ego States McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  The parent ego state has two main functions:  It allows the individual to do well as a parent.  It supplies automatic responses without consulting the adult ego state. continued

10-11 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parent Ego States continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  The parent ego state is displayed in two ways:  Critical Parent: parent figure most mature humans remember from their lives, who criticized them and was always there to remind them when they were wrong.  Sympathetic Parent: caring, nurturing parent figure; supportive and caring toward another person.

10-12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adult Ego State McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  The adult ego state allows you to analyze carefully without letting emotions get in the way.

10-13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Transaction Types McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Just as people have three basic ego states, there are three types of transactions. continued ComplementaryTransaction CrossedTransaction UlteriorTransaction

10-14 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Transaction Types continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  When one of the three types of transactions has occurred and communication is still not complete, there is still another choice to make:  The third move transaction: occurs when a transaction has occurred but communication is still not complete.

10-15 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Scripts McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  The transactions analyzed in TA are based on scripts that most people heard repeatedly as a child. continued

10-16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Scripts continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four categories of scripts exist:  Cultural  Family  Religious  Gender

10-17 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Concepts McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Scripts will fit into one of the following concepts:  Commands  Countercommands  Permission scripts  Mythical hero scripts

10-18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Life Positions McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Along with your ever-present scripts, you live in one of four life positions:  I’m not OK, you’re OK.  I’m not OK, you’re not OK.  I’m OK, you’re not OK.  I’m OK, you’re OK. continued

10-19 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Life Positions continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. I’m OK You’re not OK I’m not OK You’re OK I’m not OK You’re not OK I’m OK You’re OK High Low High Perception of Others Perception of Self

10-20 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strokes and Stroking McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Stroking greatly affects self-esteem and transactions with others.  Stroking is much like positive reinforcement and is directly related to problems with motivation.

10-21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Games People Play McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Just as surely as positive stroking leads to positive reinforcement, negative game playing can hurt positive relationships. continued

10-22 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Games People Play continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Commonly played workplace games include:  “Why Don’t You... Yes, But”  Blemish  Wooden Leg  Harried (or Harried Executive)  Now I’ve Got You

10-23 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Assertiveness Versus Aggressiveness McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  A working knowledge of transactional analysis can help avoid the excesses of aggressiveness while maintaining assertiveness.  Assertiveness is standing up for your rights without threatening the self-esteem of the other person.  Aggressiveness involves hurting others and putting them on the defensive.

10-24 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategy for Success 10.1: Stopping Games Before They Start 1. Work on your self-esteem. 2. Try to stay in the adult ego state. 3. Hook the other person’s adult ego state. 4. Give and receive positive strokes. 5. De-emphasize the weaknesses of others.

Chapter 10 End of Chapter 10