Volcanoes on the Rim 55 Million Years of Volcanism in the Pacific NW Mt. St. Helens, 1980.

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Presentation transcript:

Volcanoes on the Rim 55 Million Years of Volcanism in the Pacific NW Mt. St. Helens, 1980

Major Events of the Cenozoic Age (Myrs) Straight Creek Transform Fault Western Cascade Arc Challis Arc High Cascade Arc Columbia River Basalts Formation of Olympic Rocks Accretion of Olympic Rocks Major Sedimentary Basins VolcanismTectonicsOlympicsSedimentary Events Ice Ages

Volcanic Episodes Age (Myrs) Western Cascade Arc (37-15 Myrs) Challis Arc (55-42 Myrs) High Cascade Arc (5-0 Myrs) Columbia River Basalts (17-6 Myrs, Most Myrs) Yellowstone Hot Spot (14-0 Myrs)

Challis Arc G-2

Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary Batholiths Mark the plate boundary Note the embayment

Plates During Challis Time

Formation of Challis Arc Kula Plate Farallon Plate North American Plate Challis Arc Straight Creek (Strike-Slip) Fault

Post Challis Arc Arc now runs north-south

Cascade Arc Challis Arc G-2

West & High Cascades G-1 West Cascade Arc (37-15 Myrs) High Cascade Arc (5-0 Myrs)

Why did it shift eastward? G-1 Change in dip of plate? 100 km Depth Steep Subduction Shallow Subduction Consistent with younger age of Juan de Fuca Plate

West Cascades in Washington G-2 Include volcanic rocks and intrusions

North vs. South Young Basement Rocks (Terranes) North CascadesSouth Cascades West Cascade Volcanics West Cascade Batholiths

North vs. South More uplift to the north Erosion

North vs. South Young Basement Rocks (Terranes) North CascadesSouth Cascades High Cascades West Cascade Volcanics West Cascade Batholiths

Some Landmarks… North CascadesSouth Cascades Mt. Rainier Tatoosh Batholith Mt. BakerSnoqualmie Batholith Chilliwack Batholith Glacier Peak

West Cascade Rocks in WA Fifes Peak Formation Ohanapecosh Formation Stevens Ridge Formation Basaltic andesite Andesite Rhyolite Tuff Conglomerate (lahars) Greywacke

West Cascade Rocks in WA Granodiorite Batholiths

Erosion of the West Cascade Arc Produces major sedimentary formations to the east and west G-3

West of the Arc Mid-Eocene D-3 Seattle Tukwila Formation

West of the Arc Late-Eocene & Oligocene D-4 Seattle Blakeley Formation

D-5 West of the Arc Miocene Seattle

East of the Arc John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Painted Hills (Pete Yamagata)

John Day National Monument, Oregon Rhino skull G-3

Clarno Formation (54-37 Myrs) 1."Rhinoceros" - Hyrachyus 2.Creodont - Patriofelis 3.Small browsing "horse ” - Orohippus 4.Crocodile - Pristichampsus 5.Brontothere - Telmatherium 6.Magnolia - Magnolia 7.Black walnut - Juglans 8.Palm - Sabalites 9.Horsetail - Equisetum 10.Chestnut - Castanea 11.Fig - Ficoxylon 12."Grape" - Vitis 13.Cycad - Dioon 14.Sycamore - Platanusycamore Platanus

John Day Formation (39-18 Myrs) 1.Sabre-toothed "tiger" - Pogonodon 2.Oreodont - Eporeodon 3.Three-toed "horse" - Miohippus 4.Tortoise - Stylemys 5.Mouse-deer - Hypertragulus 6."Dog" - Mesocyon 7.Oreodont - Promerycocherus 8."Rhinoceros" - Diceratherium 9.Chestnut oak - Quercus 10.Hawthoren - Crataegus 11.Fern - Polypodium 12.Hackberry - Celtis 13."Maple" - Acertis 14."Maple" - Acer

Mascall Formation (15-12 Myrs) 1.Early mastodon - Zygolophodon 2.Rhinoceros - Teleoceros 3.Giraffe-deer - Dromomeryx 4.Mountain beaver - Mylagaulus 5.Dog - Telmatherium 6.Camel - Miolabis 7.Pony-sized horse - Merychippus 8.Swamp cypress - Taxodium 9.Ginkgo - Ginkgo 10.Sassafras - Sassafras 11.Serviceberry - Amelanchier 12.Cattail - Typhaer 13.Cattail - Typha

Rattlesnake Formation (8-6 Myrs) 1.Short-faced bear - Indarctos 2.Single-toed horse - Pliohippus 3.Peccary - Prosthennops 4.Dog - Canis 5.Hyena-like dog - Osteoborus 6.Elephant - Tetralophodon 7.Elm - Ulmus 8.Sycamore - Platanus 9.Willow - Salix

Meanwhile to the East…