European Integration  Govt 1183  Lecture two—historical background  Feb

Europe in Maps  Sources: 2-3; 4-17;  Sources  Sources Martin White

Map 2: Europe in 1215

Map 3: Europe in 1517 This map shows Europe in the year the Reformation began

Map 4: Europe in 1648

Map 6: Europe in 1812 This map shows Europe during the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon was at the height of his power.

Map 7: Europe in 1860 This map shows Europe in 1860.

Map 8: Europe in 1871

Map 9: Europe in 1917 This map shows Europe during the year of the Russian Revolution.

Map 10: Europe after World War I This map shows Europe in 1923.

Europe in 1937:

Map 11: Europe in 1942 This map shows Europe at the height of Nazi aggression.

Map 14: Europe in 1990

Map 15: Europe in 1995

World War One Deaths Total Killed 15 million Number Sources and Maps: each symbol represents 100,000 dead

Losses in the First World War Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead

World War Two Deaths  Total Number Killed  Million  Soldiers: 22.0M  Civilian Deaths:  In camps, from Fascist terror: 12.0M  From hostilities, blockade, epidemics, hunger: 14.5M  From bombing: 1.5M.  Source. Martin White

Losses in the Second World War

manpower mobilized by the warring nations:

Europe

Europe in 1970

Relative Military Spending by the nations of the world, ca. 2003:

Theories of Integration  Euro-centric actors—Jean Monnet et al  State-Centric—(a) Statesmen seeking security and welfare for their state; and (b) Politicians seeking a place or position.  Business-Centric;  Demos-Centric—role of intellectual elites; role of the people.

 "I wish to speak to you today about the tragedy of Europe. (...) Yet all the while there is a remedy which, if it were generally and spontaneously adopted by the great majority of people in many lands, would as if by a miracle transform the whole scene, and would in a few years make all Europe, or the greater part of it, as free and as happy as Switzerland is today. What is this sovereign remedy? It is to recreate the European Family, or as much of it as we can, and to provide it with a structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety and in freedom. We must build a kind of United States of Europe. (...) The first step in the recreation of the European Family must be a partnership between France and Germany."  Winston Churchill Speech at Zurich University 19th September 1946 

“The Lives and Teachings of the European Saints”  Alan Milward, “The European Rescue of the Nation-State” (Routledge 1999)

Milward’s Skepticism  “The founding fathers of the EC appear in most histories as the harbingers of a new order in which the nation holds no place.”  “Far from renouncing the nation- state…[they recognized]…the need for those limited surrenders of national sovereignty through which the nation- state and WE were jointly strengthened.”

Treaty of Rome Preamble [Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Lux., and the Neths.] Determined to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, Resolved to ensure the economic and social progress of their countries by common action to eliminate the barriers which divide Europe, Affirming as the essential objective of their efforts the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples, Recognising that the removal of existing obstacles calls for concerted action in order to guarantee steady expansion, balanced trade and fair competition, Anxious to strengthen the unity of their economies and to ensure their harmonious development by reducing the differences existing between the various regions and the backwardness of the less favoured regions, Desiring to contribute, by means of a common commercial policy, to the progressive abolition of restrictions on international trade, Intending to confirm the solidarity which binds Europe and the overseas countries and desiring to ensure the development of their prosperity, in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, Resolved by thus pooling their resources to preserve and strengthen peace and liberty, and calling upon the other peoples of Europe who share their ideal to join in their efforts, Have decided to create a European Economic Community

Treaty of Rome (1957)  The activities of the Community shall include…:  (a) the elimination as between Member States, of customs duties and quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods, and of all other measures having equivalent effect;  (b) a common commercial policy;  (c) an internal market characterized by the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital;  (e) a common policy in the sphere of agriculture and fisheries;  (h) the approximation of the laws of the Member States to the extent required for the functioning of the common market;  (i) a policy in the social sphere comprising a European Social Fund;  (j) the strengthening of economic and social cohesion;

Political Structure of the EU.  Commission—Supranational.  Council of Ministers—Intergovernmental.  Parliament—Supranational.  Court—Supranational.