Configurable restoration in overlay networks Matthew Caesar, Takashi Suzuki

Motivation Today’s internet core has bursty losses Backbones have low average loss rates (<0.2%), but experience large bursts in loss Loss durations vary from 10ms to 33.72sec 6 out of 7 providers experienced large outage periods sec for 1-2 times per day Difficult for multimedia applications to recover from repeated loss (e.g. with FEC) Commonly used restoration techniques insufficient Link layer recovery, MPLS not yet uniformly deployed RON too slow (20 sec), not scalable  real-time recovery desired “Assessment of VoIP Quality over Internet Backbones,” Markopoulou, Tobagi, Karam (INFOCOM 2002)

Approach Technique: Overlay based, real-time recovery Use Link-state routing  Determine link cost from packet receipt delay Adaptively dampen, localize route advertisements Desirable properties: Speed: Low end-to-end failure time Stability: Few route oscillations Accuracy: Avoid reacting to transient failures Scalability: Low probing/communication overhead

Phase 1: Detection Mechanism Goal: Calculate link cost Link Cost Estimation (LCE): Estimates failure probability from packet loss “Delay-deficit algorithm” Adaptive Tracking (AT): Filters noise Reacts quickly to changes Route Stabilization (RS): Dampens route flaps RS AT LCE

Phase 1: Example Show detailed actions of layers Link Cost Estimation (LCE):  metric representing probability link has failed  spikes result from packet losses Adaptive Tracking (AT):  metric with noise filtered Route Stabilization (RS):  advertised value for link Setup Link Failure at t=[150s-170s] Probe every 300ms, 10% loss Results First Detection in 0.92s, next at 5.42 A false positive due to cold start. Stabilizes in 5 seconds. LCE output AT output RS output

Phase 1: Comparison Compared LCA, RON, and “Oracle-based” routing. Results: RON requires 4 to 10x more advertisements than LCA RON’s overhead increases exponentially with probe speed, LCA’s overhead increases linearly Packet loss has an extreme effect on RON, moderate effect on LCA LCA can achieve subsecond reactions on most internet links achieve desired achieve LCA

Phase 2: Routing Goals: Limit scope of link effects Configurable tradeoff between availability and overhead Related work:  No existing scheme autonomously scopes dissemination with respect to links Hierarchy (HIPR, HSR…) Backbone- based (CEDAR, Span) Flat no- coordination (LS, DV, DSR, DSDV, TORA, …) Flat coordinated (AODV, FSR, ZRP) LSA scoped based on link characteristics? NoPartiallyNo Autonomous? No YesNo

Phase 2: Solution Solution idea: Autonomously localize LSA propagation Unstable cost changes propagated locally Stable changes propagated further Application can control distance of propagation based on its requirements Mechanism: Localized Reaction Global level propagates link existence Local level propagates up to date link state  Create boundary around link  Only nodes inside boundary receive LSAs from link  Dynamically resize the boundary based on link characteristics D S

Phase 2: Simulation Results Compared: Localized Reaction (LR)  Stability-sensitive LR (LRS)  Cost-sensitive LR (LRC) Random Hierarchies (RH) Flooding smaller, more stable costs further improves performance However, LR not appropriate for all environments Works best for large, heterogeneous

Conclusions 1. Can achieve sub-second reactions on most links with reasonable stability Congested links increase reaction time Can react well on most internet links 2. Localization of route updates Scoping state dissemination with respect to links improves performance in heterogeneous network Can achieve resiliency close to link-state with fraction of overhead