One country Two systems

Background Accident rate: 6239 accidents, 24 fatal at year 2002 in HongKong Construction Industry Accident rates per 1000 workers per year: HK HKHA No. of Fatalities HK HKHA

Accidents per 1,000 Construction Workers per year

Fatal Accidents per 100,000 Construction Workers per year

Number of accidents in construction and other industries (Hong Kong)

Fatality in construction and other industries (Hong Kong)

Average Daily Wages of Workers Engaged in Government Building and Construction Projects (January 2002)

Number of Construction Sites and Gross Value of Work in Hong Kong

Human Factors in Safety - Creating a Safety Culture

By permission of Dr H Lingard

Changing Attitudes Can we change worker and management attitudes towards safety? How can we do this?

By permission of Dr H Lingard

Safety as an integral part of the project Architects, Engineers and Consultants Plant and Equipment Self Regulation Safety infrastructure

Changing Attitudes Behaviour Modification Training Education Policy Commitment Partnering Benchmarking

Local practice

Behaviour Modification  behaviours or conditions which are critical to safety management are identified (e.g. access to heights);  these behaviours are defined (in terms of good practice);  performance in these specific items is audited (to identify a current baseline);

Behaviour Modification  behaviourally based performance goals in these items are then set(by workers, management or others);  performance is again assessed (on a continuous basis); regular and continuing feedback is given to the subjects.

Perception of danger: human side of safety

By permission of Dr H Lingard

Results ·Housekeeping ·Access to heights ·Bamboo scaffolding

Conclusions  Management commitment  Goal difficulty  Consistency  Hazard perception and recognition  Reward structures

Prerequisites A Champion Consistency Policy Staffing Safety infrastructure Mechanistic organisation

Safety Infrastructure Plant Equipment Supervision PPE Safety management system Top management commitment Rewards & penalties

Traditional Adversarial Approach Long Term Benefits

Benchmarking Safety Steve Rowlinson, Jason Matthews, Brian Atkin

Safety issues: Why Benchmark? Competitive advantage - “an external focus on internal activities, functions or operations in order to achieve continuous improvement”

Safety supports company processes Cost reduction & increased efficiency Strategic?

SMS Inputs human resource management implementation & procedures organisational management specific project objectives

Main Contractor Enhance Performance Reduce Confrontation Partnering Subcontractors Suppliers

The Reading Construction Forum (1998), defined partnering as, “a set of strategic actions which embody the mutual objectives of a number of firms by cooperative decision making aimed at using feedback to continuously improve their joint performance.”

Partnering & Safety Partnering safety management systems subcontractors project charter accident reduction.

How will IT change ourview and use of procurement systems?

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND PROJECT PROCUREMENT Information Collection Innovation in Project Design Innovation in Project Control Owner Engineering Consultant Architect QS Thailand Japan

INNOVATION IN PROJECT DESIGN and CONTROL Cyberspace, distributed object, CAD and VRML technology may enable the collaboration of design of a project within organizations from different locations. Standard Product Data Model must be established to maintain the communication understanding. The progress of the project can be stored in the server so the clients (project participants) can use it as a reference. Project coordination or meeting may use the teleconference technology which is cheap and efficient.

Culture lNational lProfessional (sentient) lOrganisation

Effectiveness in organisations Culture Organisational Culture Leadership Motivation Commitment Satisfaction Safety Rewards

Factors affecting performance Leadership Motivation Commitment Culture Safety Infrastructure Leadership Motivation Commitment Culture Safety Infrastructure

Industry Level Issues The competitive tendering system Certification and Registration Contractor Appraisal Systems Hong Kong Government Works Branch Pay for Safety Scheme & HK Housing Authority PAS System Induction Systems - the Green Card Scheme

Issues to be addressed: the 7 Ss Safety Culture Source of Labour (importation) Skill & perceptions Supervision Safety infrastructure Subcontracting Self regulation

Accident causes