Neurobiology of Disease

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Presentation transcript:

Neurobiology of Disease NBio 146 Neurobiology of Disease Localization: Neuroanatomy Review http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/ http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/kcarson.nsf/pages/492_592desc

Planes of Section Anatomical Terms Anterior/Posterior Superior/Inferior Lateral/Medial Dorsal/Ventral Rostral/Caudal

Anatomical Planes of Section in the Brain Horizontal, axial/ transverse/coronal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal

Central Visual Pathways

Central Visual Pathways 1. 2. Bitemporal hemianopia 3. Homonymous hemianopia 4. quadrantanopia 5. 6. Macular sparing

Motor Pathways

Internal Capsule Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers arise from primary motor cortex. Corticobulbar axons terminate in the brainstem. 85% of corticospinal axons decussate in the lower medulla. 15% form the anterior corticospinal tract. Internal capsule has anterior limb, posterior limb and genu.

Upper MN Lower MN Atrophy? Minimal Marked Spasticity? Yes No Reflexes Individual muscles? No, groups Yes, sometimes Atrophy? Minimal Marked Spasticity? Yes No Reflexes Hyper- Hypo- Babinski? Fasiculation? Nerve Conduction Normal Slow Tone increased decreased

Plantar Response Scrape object on sole of foot. Babinski sign indicative of UMN lesion. Normal in infants up to 1 yr.

General Organization of the Motor Systems

Neurological Differential Diagnosis 2

Computerized Tomography (CT)

As in conventional X-rays, bone and other calcified structures are dense and appear white in CT scans. Less dense materials such as air appear black. Clear fluid such as CSF is black or dark gray. Isodense = intermediate density similar to brain tissue Hyperdense = increased tissue density = much lighter than brain tissue in CT Hypodense = decreased tissue density = much darker than brain tissue in CT Adipose tissue is hypodense bcz fat is less dense than water. Muscle has similar density to brain tissue. White matter is slightly darker (less dense) than gray matter due to the lipid content of myelin.

MRI Function

Comparison of CT and MRI Images Basic MRI image shows greater anatomical detail

SPECT imaging of increased blood flow to area of seizure Bold fMRI map of sensorimotor and language cortex Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas shown during speech Squeezing a ball with right & left hands