Completing the Revolution, (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Chapter 8

Establishing the Government George Washington, 1789 Inaugurated as first President New York City (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The “Republican Court” George Washington: Mr. President Vice-President John Adams Importance of Presidential pomp and circumstance Thomas Jefferson: lone democrat in the administration (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The First Congress James Madison, author of the Constitution Bill of Rights Judiciary Act of 1789 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Hamiltonian Economics: The National Debt Alexander Hamilton –Secretary of Treasury –Report on Public Credit (1790) Foreign debt paid promptly and fully Domestic debt—government issue securities to debtholders that pay 4% interest (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Hamiltonian Economics: The Bank and the Excise Tax Bank of the United States –Handle government revenue and disbursements –Privately owned and controlled –Carbon copy of Bank of England Taxes –Excise taxes: alcohol, tea, coffee, etal. –Whiskey tax to set precedent of federal government imposing and collecting internal tax (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Rise of Opposition Madison led congressional opposition to Hamilton’s proposals Jefferson joins Madison’s opposition Compromise reached: –In exchange for accepting Hamilton’s proposals on the debt, the permanent capital of the United States would be located on the Potomac River (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Jefferson versus Hamilton Jefferson and strict constructionism Hamilton and loose constructionism Federalists (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Republic in a World at War, French Revolution erupts France is at war with Austria and Prussia France declares war on Britain and kill its king A war between French republicanism and British-led reaction Ends in French defeat, 1815 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Americans and the French Revolution Americans sympathetic to French Revolution –Jeffersonian Republicanism –Grateful for French help in American revolution Washington declares American neutrality U.S. commerce and financial health depended on good relations with Great Britain Jefferson and Madison lead French sympathizers (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Citizen Genêt Citizen Edmond Charles Genêt British Orders in Council French ignored neutrality of the U.S. British engaged in overt and covert acts of war (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Western Troubles Shawnee attack frontier settlers “Mad” Anthony Wayne and the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) Whiskey Rebellion George Washington orders militia troops against Whiskey Rebellion (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Jay Treaty Jay’s Treaty –British agree to abandon forts on U.S. soil –U.S. grants Britain Most-Favored-Nation trading status –Nothing said of impressment or other British violations –New England and port cities for it –South opposed Pinckney Treaty –Thomas Pinckney –Favorable Florida border –Americans can use Mississippi River and port of New Orleans (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Washington’s Farewell Set 2-term limit Secured U.S. control of West Farewell address warnings –“entangling alliances” –“factions” Democratic Republicans (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Election of 1796 John Adams, Federalist candidate Thomas Jefferson, Democratic Republican candidate John Adams won Presidency Thomas Jefferson won Vice-Presidency (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Troubles with France, France breaks off relations because of Jay’s Treaty XYZ Affair France vs. U.S. in the Caribbean (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Crisis at Home, Federal property tax Alien and Sedition Acts –William Duane of the Philadelphia Aurora –Matthew Lyon Virginia and Kentucky Resolves (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Politicians and the Army Federalists implemented request that Congress create standing army Adams becomes suspicious of Hamilton and “High Federalists” Adams negotiates peace with France (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Election of 1800 Many believe Federalist using war with France to impose their rule and destroy opposition –Alien and Sedition Acts –Federalist military buildup –Crushing of Fries Rebellion Democratic-Republicans--Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Federalists: John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney Result: Jefferson and Burr tie Congress chooses Jefferson (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Jeffersonians in Power: The Republican Program Plea for unity, “we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” Jefferson’s “wise and frugal government” Simplified social tone of administration (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Cleansing the Government Reduced size and expense of government Substantial cuts in military Jefferson dismantled repressive apparatus of Federalist state Reduced government expenditures and debt (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Jeffersonians and the Courts Jefferson distrusted Federalists controlled Judiciary John Marshall Judiciary Act of 1801 and the “midnight judges” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Impeachments of Pickering and Chase John Randolph John Pickering Samuel Chase (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Justice Marshall’s court Marbury v. Madison (1801) –William Marbury –judicial review Burr’s trial for treason –Burr kills Hamilton in a duel –Burr’s conspiracy and trial –Marshall acquits Burr (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Louisiana Purchase of Louisiana Territory from France, 1803 New Orleans Dilemma for Jefferson: he had no constitutional power to buy the territory, but offer could not be refused Jefferson easily reelected in 1804 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon Bonaparte declared war on Great Britain, year war dominated national politics of the United States Americans wanted neutrality (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Dilemmas of Neutrality Britain’s Essex Decision (1805) Congress retaliates with Non-importation Act Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan Decrees (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Trouble on the High Seas Impressment and naval seizures –6000 Americans impressed by British –Chesapeake Affair (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Embargo Embargo Act (1807) – peaceable coercion Embargo hurt American commerce – , exports dropped from $108 million to $22 million –Unemployment in port cities James Madison, elected President, 1808 Federalists gain ground in some states (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Road to War Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The War Hawk Congress, Democratic Republicans divided War Hawks –Henry Clay –John C. Calhoun Madison sends list of grievances against Britain Close vote, but war declared against Britain (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

War Hawks and the War of 1812 War Hawks declared war to defend: –Sovereignty –Western territory –Maritime rights of United States Invasion of Canada (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The War with Canada, Detroit –William Hull –Isaac Brock Queenston Heights Canada saved (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Tecumseh’s Last Stand Red Stick Creeks –Fort Mims Massacre Put-in-Bay (1813) –Oliver Hazard Perry Battle of the Thames (1813) Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The British Offensive, 1814 British burn Washington D.C. Francis Scott Key –“Star Spangled Banner” British offensive in Great Lakes stalls Andrew Jackson –Battle of New Orleans (1815) –Gives U.S. national pride and a national hero (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Hartford Convention New Englanders felt victimized by Democratic Republican trade policies New England congressmen had voted against going to war British continue to trade with New England Talk of Federalist New England secession Federalists called Hartford Convention, 1814 Hartford Convention demands drowned out by end of war and New Orleans victory (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Treaty of Ghent British defeat Napoleon War reached a stalemate By 1814, both sides withdrew their demands to end the war U.S.- Canadian border remained as it was in 1812 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Conclusion Federalist power grab thwarted Jefferson’s yeoman farmer dream shattered Republican congress - headed towards a market society and capitalist democracy (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved