Non-Proteobacteria Gram Negative Bacteria, Chlamydiae, Spirochetes, Bacteroidetes,& Fusobacteria Presented by: Rickeena Free, Nichole Harris, Cynthia Paul-Blanc, Drew Hawley, Tina Mullett

Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria Resemble Eukaryotic Algae They are able to live in varies environments Those that grow in water usually have gas vacuoles for buoyancy Capable of fixing nitrogen from atmosphere Fresh water Bare rocks Soil Hostile environment They can occur as planktonic cells or form phototrophic biofilms in fresh water and marine environments, they occur in damp soil, or even temporarily moistened rocks in desert. Those that grow in water usually have gas vacuoles for buoyancy- enables them to adjust their position in water column..floating to the top during the day for photosynthesis and sink to the bottom at night to harvest nutrient 2

Photosynthesis Obtains energy Use the same photosynthesis as Eukaryotic cells Produces oxygen as a by-product 3

Nitrogen Fixation Capable of nitrogen fixation Uses heterocyst cells //www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanointro.html 4

Morphological Unicellular forms divide by binary fission Colonial forms divide by multiple fission Filamentous forms that reproduce by fragmentation of filaments Mobile Gas vesicles

Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria Purple and Green This group includes: Green Non-sulfur Bacteria Green Sulfur Bacteria Purple Non-sulfur Bacteria Purple Sulfur Bacteria

Green Non-Sulfur bacteria Chloroflexi Organic Compunds Grow chemoheterotrophically in aerobic environment Filamentous Anoxygenic phototrophs

Green Sulfur Bacteria Chlorobi Anaerobic Photoautotrophic bacteria Does not produce Oxygen Hydrogen Sulfur Deposit sulfur cells outside the cell 8

Morphological Non-motile Spheres Rods Sprial

Purple Non-sulfur bacteria Proteobacteria Organic Compounds Does not produce Oxygen Organic compound Example : Rhodsprillum Aquatic environments

Purple Sulfur Bacteria Proteobacteria Hydrogen Sulfur Deposit sulfur granules outside the cell

Chemoheterotroph Chlamydiae Spirochestes Bacteroidetes Fusobacteria

Chlamydiae Members of this phylum and class are obligate intracellular pathogens Only grow and thrive by infecting eukaryotic cells Have a unique developmental cycle They alternate between two forms the elementary body and the reticulate body. Chlamydia trchomatis, which causes the eye-disease trachoma and the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia; Chlamydophila pneumoniae, which causes a form of pneumonia; Chlamydophila psittaci, which causes psittacosis. http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Chlamydia

Chlamydiae Elementary Body Reticulate Body Infectious form Have a rigid outer membrane that cause them to be resistant to harsh environmental conditions Reticulate Body Non infectious form Have a fragile outer membrane

Clinical Description Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis may result in urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, acute salpingitis, or other syndromes when sexually transmitted infection is often asymptomatic in women

http://www.clearview.com/chlamydia_mf/about_chlamydia.aspx

Route of Transmission Chlamydia is transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes. An infected mother can also pass Chlamydia to her baby during vaginal childbirth. Babies born to infected mothers can get pneumonia or infections in their eyes, also called conjunctivitis. http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/farm/images/Bacteroides%20biacutis.jpg

Spirochetes Gram-negative bacteria. Distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, located lengthwise between the cell membrane and outer membrane. Most spirochetes are free-living and anaerobic They have long, helically coiled cells. The flagella are sometimes called axial filaments, these cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/spirochetes.html

Pathogenic Spirochetes Nonacute upon initial exposure to the infectious agent. Syphilis and Lyme disease are pathogens caused by spirochetes. Other spirochetal infections caused by Borrelia, Leptospira and treponemes Pathogenic spirochets can have consequences on the human body later on, without a curative antibiotic therapy. Lyme disease Syphilis http://www.morgellonsresearchfoundation.com/morghandlesions.jpg http://depts.washington.edu/nnptc/online_training/std_handbook/gallery/images/syphilisrash.jpg

Borrelia Treponema Leptospira. The spirochetes are divided into three families Borrelia Treponema Leptospira. Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis It is spread through contact with infected urine or water. A severe form of leptospirosis in humans is called Weil's disease. Borrelia causes ulcerative disease of the mouth or Vincent's gingivitis or trench mouth. It is transmitted through the bites of body lice and ticks and cause relapsing fever. Treponema is by far the most dreaded genus of spirochetes. It causes syphilis. Sexual contact is the most common way of transmission. Disease-causing members of this phylum include the following: Leptospira species, which causes leptospirosis Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis Treponema pertenue, which causes yaws Leptospira is an infectious disease that primarily affects the liver and kidneys. It can affect both humans and animals. Sometimes dogs may be infected with the spirochete but can be immunized against leptospirosis. In Borrelia, the patient suffers repeated bouts of fever and chills.

Treatments Safe sex techniques such as the use of condoms. Prevention of syphilis Safe sex techniques such as the use of condoms. Early treatment with antibiotics is the only way known to prevent the later ravages of syphilis. Severe cases of Leptospirosis are treated with antibiotics like Penicillin or Ampicillin along with supportive therapy for multiorgan damage. Prevention of Lyme disease Guard against tick bites. Penincillin is also used as antibiotic. Prevention of relapsing fever Involves antibiotics, most often tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, or penicillin. Long-acting Penicillin is the drug of choice for treatment of yaws cases http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/Leptospirosis_treatment.htm http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/lyme-disease-000102.htm http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/relapsing-fever/overview.html http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section10/Section2134_10824.htm#tre Condom use for syphilis, if used properly, can be an effective barrier against the sexual transmission of T. Pallidum. Experimental vaccines have proven to be impractical or fail to afford complete protection. To prevent Lyme disease, guard against tick bits; Avoid heavily wooded areas, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and apply tick repellant.

Bacteriodetes Opportunistic pathogen Obligate anaerobe Invade the body through punctures or deep wounds Can aid cellulose fermentation in ruminants http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/farm/images/Bacteroides%20biacutis.jpg

Bacteroidetes cont’d They are most commonly found in the gut of mammals In humans it appears in fecal matter in around one billion per gram http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42373000/jpg/_42373233_bacteria203.jpg

Bacteroidetes cont’d When the opportunity arises, bacteriodetes will begin to multiply If there is a lack of other bacteria in the gut bacteriodetes will flourish This can cause peritonitis, or inflammation of the bowel

Bacteroidetes cont’d The easiest way to treat an infection by bacteroidetes is emergency antibiotic treatments. Nothing should be given by mouth, everything should be given by an IV http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/473/main.html#TreatmentofPeritonitis

Fusobacteria Gram-negative Non-spore forming Obligate anaerobes Adhere to Gram positive and Gram negative plaque Require enriched media for growth Tortora, Gerard J., Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. Microbiology An Introduction, Brief Edition. Boston: Benjamin-Cummings Company, 2004. 26

Fusobacteria Pleomorphic, but usually spindle-shaped Also tend to be rod shaped Responsible for some dental blisters http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Fusobacterium_novum_01.jpg

Cell Structure Motile Creates butyrate through fermenting carbohydrates and certain amino acids Cell wall similar to gram-negative aerobic bacteria http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Image:Fuso.jpg

Growth of Fusobacteria Grows anaerobic conditions but is sometimes improved by 5-10% CO2 Most species require animal protein or yeast extract Obligatory parasites Give rise to disease in man and farm animals

Ecology Inhibits the mucous membranes Does not directly effect environment, but can affect a population through infection of a host Have an optimum growth of 37C Found mainly in the gingival crevices http://www.thejcdp.com/issue001/gandara/images/fig3.jpg

Ways that fusobacteria infect Part of the normal flora that invade tissues after trauma Tissue destruction Animal bites http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.femalehealthmadesimple.com/BacterialTissueDestruction.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.femalehealthmadesimple.com/Infections.html&usg=__tsSsitGx4Oo-IspMdnnYdjxgKQY=&h=1275&w=1754&sz=109&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=g8Lo8uTNDEOCvM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtissue%2Bdestruction%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DADBS,ADBS:2006-35,ADBS:en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

Pathology Fusobacterium necrophorum Fusobacterium nucleatum Can cause meningitis Found in abcesses in liver, lungs, and tissues Fusobacterium equinum Contributes to necrotizing pneumonia Pleurisy in horses making breathing painful Fusobacterium nucleatum Causes dental plaque Has the ability to adhere to other plaque-causing microorganisms http://www.edwardbyrne.com/perio05.jpg

Treatments Spirochetes Chlamydia Fusobacteria Penicilin Azithromycin Doxycycline Fusobacteria Clindamycin Chloroamphenicol

Mechanism of Treatment Penicilin inhibits the peptidoglycan cross links in the bacterial cell wall Clindamycin bacteriostatic effect Chloroamphenicol bacteriostatic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Mechanism of treatment Azithromycin prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, and inhibits translation of mRNA. Doxycycline tetracycline antibiotic It works by slowing the growth of bacteria in the body.

Bibliography "Chlamydiales and Chlamydia spp: historic perspective." Chlamydia professional. Comprehensive. Evidence based. Authoritative. 22 Mar. 2009 <http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/Chlamydialeshistory.asp>. "STD Facts - Chlamydia." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 Mar. 2009 <http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia/STDFact-Chlamydia.htm>. Tortora, Gerard J., Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. Microbiology An Introduction, Brief Edition. Boston: Benjamin-Cummings Company, 2004. "Azithromycin (Zithromax) - drug class, medical uses, medication side effects, and drug interactions by MedicineNet.com." 22 Mar. 2009 <http://www.medicinenet.com/azithromycin/article.htm>. "Azithromycin -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 22 Mar. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin>. "Chlamydia." Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program. 22 Mar. 2009 <http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamyd.htm>.