CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Biopeople Tutorial 2011 Immunological Bioinformatics

CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology the immune system A brief summary

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Vaccination Administration of a substance to a person with the purpose of preventing a disease Traditionally composed of a killed or weakened micro organism Vaccination works by creating a type of immune response that enables the memory cells to later respond to a similar organism before it can cause disease

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial 1958 start of small pox eradication program Effectiveness of vaccines

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The innate immune system Barriers, cells, and receptors Skin Tears Epithelia Scavenging Cells Toll like receptors Shizuo Akira & Kiyoshi TakedaNature Reviews Immunology 4, (July 2004) ©

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The innate immune system Unspecific Antigen independent Immediate response No training/selection hence no memory Pathogen independent (but response might be pathogen type dependent)

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The adaptive immune system Pathogen specific Bacteria Virus Parasite

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Diversity of lymphocytes - Huge diversity within a host - At least 10 8 different T & B cell clones Receptors made by recombination & N-additions Somatic mutation during immune response Repertoires are (partly) random - Randomness requires self tolerance Diversity is a hallmark of the (adaptive) immune system

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Diversity is a hallmark of the (adaptive) immune system

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Cartoon by Eric Reits Humoral immunity

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Antibodies

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Antibody - Antigen interaction Fab Antigen Epitope Paratope Antibody

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Antibody Effect Virus or Toxin Antibodies

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The trinity of immunity Cartoon by Eric Reits

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Cartoon by Eric Reits

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Cartoon by Eric Reits The Cellular immune response

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial MHC-I molecules present peptides on the surface of most cells

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial CTL response Healthy cell Virus- infected cell MHC-I

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial CTL response Virus- infected cell MHC-I

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The death of an infected cell

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial The adaptive immune system is extremely diverse - A immune responds can by raise against any thing foreign! Antibodies defines the humoral response - Antibodies recognize structural properties on the surface of extra cellular antigens T cells regulates the cellular response - CTL’s kill cell that present MHC molecules bound with intra cellular derived foreign peptides Summary

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Vaccine Challenges TB FLU HCV HIV

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Immunological Bioinformatics, The MIT press. +HPV & Rotavirus Vaccines have been made for 36 of >400 human pathogens

Technical University of Denmark - DTU Department of systems biology Immunological Bioinformatics Tutorial Deaths from infectious diseases in the world in 2008 Infectious and parasitic diseases Thousands% Total Tuberculosis STDs excluding HIV Syphilis Chlamydia 40.0 Gonorrhoea 00.0 HIV/AIDS Diarrhoeal diseases Childhood diseases Pertussis Poliomyelitis (c) 10.0 Diphtheria 80.0 Measles Tetanus Meningitis Hepatitis B (d) Hepatitis C (d) Malaria Tropical diseases Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease Schistosomiasis Leishmaniasis Lymphatic filariasis 00.0 Onchocerciasis 00.0 Leprosy Dengue Japanese encephalitis Trachoma 00.0 Intestinal nematode infections 40.0 Ascariasis 20.0 Trichuriasis 10.0 Hookworm disease 00.0