Conversion of energy from one form to another Creating useful energy for a certain task Can use any type of energy

Mechanical to electrical, vise versa Actuators, controllers, sensors Each can be mechanical or electrical Scale can vary greatly

1. Mechatronics 2. Circuit Drivers 3. Relays/Transistors 4. Actuators 5. Circuit Breaker 6. Motors and Generators

The portmanteau "Mechatronics" was first coined by Mr. Tetsuro Mori, a senior engineer of the Japanese company Yaskawa, in Mechatronics may alternatively be referred to as "electromechanical systems" or less often as "control and automation engineering".

The integrated design of products and processes that include mechanical and electrical components under intelligent control. –Underlying products are physical in nature: –Sensors and Actuators are used to interface with these products. –There is "intelligence" through imbedded computing capability. All these processes are highly integrated into sophisticated products and processes. Electromechanical Hydraulic Magnetic, etc

Logic-level outputs can’t drive a motor directly. Solution: Relays –Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit –isolates circuit from potentially dangerous voltages

Main types of relays –Reed Relay –General Purpose Relay –Solid State Relay –Transistor

Advantages –Little power to energize –Relatively quiet Disadvantages –Can’t control large loads –Contacts can weld together

Advantages –Can handle very large loads –Control multiple contacts Disadvantages –Physically large –Mechanical failure

Advantages –Fast switching –Silent Disadvantages –Higher cost –Heat production

Advantages –Fast switching –Silent Disadvantages –DC only –Small currents

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Function Forward Reverse Brake Brake Burn motor Burn motor

Mechanical –Converts rotary motion of a knob or handle into linear displacement via screw or gears –Rotation of the jack handle is converted mechanically into the linear motion of the jack head

Pneumatic / Hydraulic –Typically involves a hollow cylinder having a piston inserted in it –The two sides of the piston are alternately pressurized/de- pressurized to achieve controlled linear displacement of the actuator arm

Lead Screw –Converts rotary motion via motor into linear displacement. A lead screw with helical threads machined on its circumference rotates, while a nut with corresponding helical threads moves the actuator linearly

Rapidly switching magnetic fields to generate motion F = qv × B Low acceleration or high acceleration versions are used

Why? Chip Substrate Collapse Melting Fire Why not Fuses? Fuses: Inexpensive Fuses: More Reliable CBs: Can be Reset

Automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damaged caused by overload or a short circuit.

Features vary based largely on voltage class, current rating, and the type of circuit breaker. Common Features: 1. Electromagnet or Bi-metallic strip used to detect and act upon a fault 2. Control the arc 3. Reclose the contacts

Low current and/or voltage circuit breaker: Detection occurs within the breaker enclosure High current and/or voltage circuit breaker: –Usually utilize a pilot device to sense a fault current and to operate the trip opening mechanism. Trip solenoid usually operated by a separate battery.

Magnetic: Field proportional to current in coil Tuned mechanical trigger Contacts are pulled apart in response to Magnetic force Thermal: Material bends or expands with dissipated heat Contacts pulled apart when spring-loaded trigger is released Electronically-controlled: Controller reads current value from sensors Detects when current rises above a threshold Signals actuators to break contacts - - In high-power apps, sensors may need to be separated…

Arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way Vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil are used as the medium in which the arc forms Techniques to extinguish the arc: Lengthening of the arc Intensive cooling (in jet chambers) Division into partial arcs Zero point quenching Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits Here is why Even a small spark can ruin some equipment

- Uses electrical energy to produce mechanical work - Commonly used in refrigerators, washing machines, fans, pumps, and computer equipment Advantages - No fossil fuels - Noise reduction - Wide range of sizes - Fewer components Disadvantages - Less powerful - Battery limitations

Types AC Induction AC Synchronous Stepper DC Brush DC Brushless DC

-Transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy -Sources of mechanical energy include -Combustion Engines -Compressed Gas -Steam/Gas Turbines -Solar and Wind

DC motors use have a locked ratio. Speed is more exact. AC motors make more power per weight and dominate the market mostly because of power distribution. Power distribution is easier for AC because of the transformer.

Sinusoidal windings and power translation