Rotation, libration, and gravitational field of Mercury Véronique Dehant, Tim Van Hoolst, Pascal Rosenblatt, Mikael Beuthe, Nicolas Rambaux, Severine Rosat,

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Obliquity-oblateness feedback at the Moon Bruce G. Bills 1 with help from William B. Moore 2 Matthew A. Siegler 3 William I. Newman 3 1 Jet Propulsion.
Advertisements

Mercury’s Molten Core how do we know… and what does it mean? Lindsay Johannessen PTYS 395 All images courtesy of NASA/JPL and Science Magazine.
Asteroid Resonances [1]
The planets Mercury and Venus. Where are Mercury and Venus in the Solar System?
The Heartbeat of the Ocean. Introduction Tides are one of the most obvious features of the oceans. Natural rhythms can easily be observed. Long term records.
Ganymede Lander Colloquium and Workshop. Session 2. Ganymede: origin, internal structure and geophysics March 5 th 2013 – Moscow, Russia A Geodesy experiment.
Mercury, seen from Earth through a moderate telescope.
Other “planets” Dimensions of the Solar System 1 Astronomical Unit = 1 AU = distance between the Sun and Earth = ~150 million km or 93 million miles.
Gravity: Gravity anomalies. Earth gravitational field. Isostasy. Moment density dipole. Practical issues.
Based on the definition given by Kasting et al. (1993). The Habitable Zone.
Determination of upper atmospheric properties on Mars and other bodies using satellite drag/aerobraking measurements Paul Withers Boston University, USA.
Three Worlds to Explore Look Up? (Astronomy) Look Down? (Geophysics) Look at Surface? (Geology)
3MS 3 – Session 9: New projects and instruments October 11 th 2012 – Moscow, Russia Belgium-Geodesy experiment using Direct-To-Earth Radio-link: Application.
 Unit 5: Sixth Grade.  Did you know that planets, when viewed from Earth, look like stars to the naked eye?  Ancient astronomers were intrigued by.
Mercury. Mercury’s Orbit Mercury has a short year. –88 Earth days = 1/4 Earth year –0.4 AU from the Sun This is predictable from Kepler’s third law. –The.
An active Seismic experiment on Bepi-Colombo Lognonné, P, Garcia. R (IPGP, France) P.; Gudkova, T.(IPE, Russia) ; Giardini, D., Lombardi D. (ETHZ, Switzerland);
ESPACE Porto, June 2009 MODELLING OF EARTH’S RADIATION FOR GPS SATELLITE ORBITS Carlos Javier Rodriguez Solano Technische Universität München
What stellar properties can be learnt from planetary transits Adriana Válio Roque da Silva CRAAM/Mackenzie.
Explaining Earth’s Position & Motion in the Universe
Four-way Doppler measurements and inverse VLBI observations
Gravity I: Gravity anomalies. Earth gravitational field. Isostasy.
Chapter 8 Universal Gravitation
Gravity & orbits. Isaac Newton ( ) developed a mathematical model of Gravity which predicted the elliptical orbits proposed by Kepler Semi-major.
The Earth-Moon-Sun System
11 Regarding the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length (AU) E.V. Pitjeva Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences Workshop.
E ARTHARTH EARTHEARTH. Is thE thiRd pLanet in thE sOlar systEm in terms of distance from the sUn, and the fifth largest. It is also the largest of its.
Coordinate systems on the Moon and the physical libration Natalia Petrova Kazan state university, Russia 20 September, 2007, Mitaka.
1 Nori Laslo Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory A NASA Discovery Mission.
EARTH’S, FORMATION SHAPE, DIMENSIONS AND HEAT CHAPTER 4.1.
Mercury. When and where can you see it? Being so close to the sun, you can only see Mercury when the sun is just beneath the horizon. This is just before.
Rotational Motion and The Law of Gravity 1. Pure Rotational Motion A rigid body moves in pure rotation if every point of the body moves in a circular.
TOPIC 2: MAPPING AND LOCATION. A. Earth Science is broken down into 4 major areas: 1. Geology - study of the Earth. 2. Oceanography - seawater, coastal.
Precession, nutation, pole motion and variations of LOD of the Earth and the Moon Yuri Barkin, Hideo Hanada, Misha Barkin Sternberg Astronomical Institute,
It is estimated that our solar system is 5 billion years old.
Universal Gravitation.
Chapter 8: Terrestrial interiors. Interiors How might we learn about the interior structure of the Earth, or other planets?  What observations can you.
Christensen, Planetary Interiors and Surfaces, June Seismological information is available only for the Earth and in limited amounts for the Moon.
Chase George Landon.  Closest planet to the sun sitting 36 million miles away.  Smallest planet in solar system  1 year on Mercury is 88 Earth days.
Report of work at ROB within the MAGE European Training Network Véronique Dehant.
Lois de conservation Exemple: Formation du noyau Rotation de la terre Variations periodiques (cycles de Milankovicic) Chandler wobble Marees et Variations.
The Earth and Other Planets
Section 1: Earth: A Unique Planet
Gravity Summary For a point source or for a homogeneous sphere the solution is easy to compute and are given by the Newton’s law. Gravity Force for the.
Gravimetry Geodesy Rotation
The Sun, Earth and Moon.
Franz Hofmann, Jürgen Müller, Institut für Erdmessung, Leibniz Universität Hannover Institut für Erdmessung Hannover LLR analysis software „LUNAR“
The Moon Brent Yee Lindsey Seu. The Moon Brent Yee Lindsey Seu.
Parameters : Temperature profile Bulk iron and olivine weight fraction Pressure gradient. Modeling of the Martian mantle Recently taken into account :
LLR Analysis – Relativistic Model and Tests of Gravitational Physics James G. Williams Dale H. Boggs Slava G. Turyshev Jet Propulsion Laboratory California.
Sun-Scorched Mercury.
Lecture 7 – Gravity and Related Issues GISC February 2008.
Geodesy with Mars lander Network V. Dehant, J.-P. Barriot, and T. Van Hoolst Royal Observatory of Belgium Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées.
University of Colorado Boulder ASEN 5070: Statistical Orbit Determination I Fall 2015 Professor Brandon A. Jones Lecture 2: Basics of Orbit Propagation.
Sun-Scorched Mercury Chapter Eleven. Guiding Questions 1.What makes Mercury such a difficult planet to see? 2.What is unique about Mercury’s rotation?
12.201/ Essentials of Geophysics Geodesy and Earth Rotation Prof. Thomas Herring
New ephemeris of Phobos and Mars Express close flybys V. Lainey (1), V. Dehant (1), P. Rosenblatt (1), T. Andert (2) and M. Pätzold (2) Several close flybys.
ON DETERMINATION OF THE MOMENT INERTIA AND THE RADIUS OF THE MARTIAN CORE Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth Russian Academy of Sciences
Magnetic Fields. Magnetic Field of a bar magnet I. Field of a bar magnet The forces of repulsion and attraction in bar magnets are due to the magnetic.
Celestial Mechanics VI The N-body Problem: Equations of motion and general integrals The Virial Theorem Planetary motion: The perturbing function Numerical.
Rotation des satellites naturels Applications: Lune et Europe
The Inner Planets.
Satellite Meteorology
Mercury.
Sun-Scorched Mercury Chapter Eleven
Part II: Solar System Mercury Draft: Nov 06, 2010.
BASIC ORBIT MECHANICS.
X SERBIAN-BULGARIAN ASTRONOMICAL CONFERENCE 30 MAY - 3 JUNE, 2016, BELGRADE, SERBIA EARTH ORIENTATION PARAMETERS AND GRAVITY VARIATIONS DETERMINED FROM.
“Earth in Space” Astronomy Part II
Chapter 9: Cratered Worlds -The Moon and Mercury
The Inner Planets Payson Wilde EGR-491-A
Presentation transcript:

Rotation, libration, and gravitational field of Mercury Véronique Dehant, Tim Van Hoolst, Pascal Rosenblatt, Mikael Beuthe, Nicolas Rambaux, Severine Rosat, Marie Yseboodt, Gregor Pfyffer Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels Anne Lemaître, Jacques Henrard, Sandrine d’Hoedt, Nicolas Rambaux, Julien Dufey Facultés Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur We acknowledge PRODEX support/Belspo/ESA

Rotation and libration of Mercury

Rotation of the terrestrial planets MercuryVenusEarthMars

MERCURY: Spin/orbit coupling; 3:2 resonance

What are librations? Revolution (orbit) 87,98 jours Rotation (spin) 58,64 days Solar torque 3:2 spin-orbit resonance

Notation Moment of inertia from gravitational harmonics C B A Mariner10 values: C 22 = 1  and C/Mr 2 =

Torque (2) The z-component of the Liouville equations for a solid Mercury: where r = distance Mercury-Sun  = angle between Sun and A C B A Sun 

Effect of the core on the libration of Mercury Peale (1976): amplitude of the longitude 88-day libration is at least twice as large if the core is decoupled from the mantle (liquid). Solid core Liquid core

Impact of the core on the angle of libration in longitude of 88 days from SONYR model Cm/C ~1 ; solid core Cm/C ~0.5 ; liquid core 40 as 20 as

Earth Tracking Photographic measurements Orientation wrt the stars

13 « Revisiting » a same place Only very high latitudes have a very frequent « flyover » rate But lower latitude measurments contain more information -> « Ideal » strategy? 30 km 10 km

14 Track of the BC NAC (narrow angle camera) on Mercury 30km 10 km BepiColombo narrow angle camera groundtrack, in the case of the nominal orbit. At low altitudes two subsequent tracks do not cover the whole area between them.

15 Opposite side of the planet This represents the tracks on the opposite side of the planet of the preceding slide. At high altitudes two subsequent tracks do cover the whole area between them.

16 Possible observations of the surface Excentric polar orbit (alt. 400 – 1500 km) Periherm moving towards north pole (~16 ° in 200 days) Illumination conditions heavily constrain the possible observations Albedo features are best candidates for observation To correctly observe their patterns very low (less than 10°) or very high (more than 70°) phase angles are not permitted

17 Peale’s procedure We can determine the state of the core of Mercury through the measurement of the gravitational field, the obliquity and the libration. (Peale, 1976) ~ A γ -1 Gravitational field and obliquity (+ Cassini state equation)

Libration observation from Earth- based radar measurements Radar echoes from solid planets are speckled. Wavefront corrugations tied to Mercury’s rotation. 1sec telescope on Earth The time delay for the pattern to reproduce at both stations is a direct measure of the rotation rate.

Earth-based libration observing strategy Illuminate Mercury with monochromatic radio signal from Goldstone radar ( =3.5 cm) during ~10 minutes round-trip light time. Record echoes at Goldstone and at the Green Bank Telescopes for ~10 minutes. Perform cross-correlations between amplitude fluctuations recorded at both telescopes.

Principle of Earth-based measurements of libration..

Peale experiment Objective: obtain the ratio of the moment of inertia of the solid part of the planet to the moment of inertia of the whole planet: C m /C: And from a relation between the obliquity, the mass and moments of inertia of Mercury, either using a numerical integration or the mean Cassini state. amplitude of libration from amplitudes of J 2 and C 22 from amplitudes of J 2 and C 22 amplitude of mean obliquity  Mr 2 /C

Cassini State (Cassini 1693; Colombo 1966; Peale 1969) (i) Rotation rate is synchronous/commensurate with the orbital mean motion (ii) The angle between the spin axis and the normal to the orbital plane remains constant (iii) The spin axis, the normal to the orbital plane and the normal to the Laplace plane are always coplanar k orb s Ι= 8.6°  =2'=obliquity k can be determined from ephemerides; orb can be determined by ephemerides; s can be determined from radar observations (2.1’). also s can be determined from analytical approach (1.6’)

Laplace Plane Laplace plane: reference plane about which the axis the orbit is precessing due to the planetary perturbations We need a Laplace plane in order to compute the position of the Cassini equilibrium. i 0 = 7 o I’ = 8.6 o

Internal structure of Mercury Parameters: - Inner core radius; - Sulfur concentration. Values for Mercury interior structure (MIS) model a.

liquidus solidus Adjustment of the liquid core and solid inner core densities eutectic solidus 0%FeS 100%FeS 100%Fe 0%Fe eutectic liquidus 0%FeS 100%FeS 100%Fe 0%Fe - After the eutectic point is reached, the inner core grows by solidification (freezing) of the liquid outer core and thus the newly formed outer layers have the same concentration in light element as the remaining liquid core. The growth of the inner core is modeled as follows: - At the beginning, the inner core is created by precipitation of iron contained in the liquid core and thus has the density of pure solid iron; solid liquid temperature solid liquid temperature

Adjustment of the liquid core and solid inner core densities

Liquid core cases Solid core case Impact of the Sulfur concentration on the librations 19 as 3.2 as

Impact of the Sulfur concentration on the librations 19 as 3.2 as % light element increases  Radius  of the core increases  Core moment of inertia increases  Mantle moment of inertia decreases  libration amplitude increases

Remaining questions (1) Is the present obliquity (  ) = mean obliquity (  )? (What is the contamination of the free precession to the obliquity?)  Theoretical value for mean obliquity (importance of theory), observation for present obliquity (observation by radar and camera experiment with BC [SIMBIO-SYS, MORE, startracker]). What is the value of the obliquity?  Ephemerides value for orbital plane position (importance of ephemerides), observation for spin axis position (observation by radar and camera experiment with BC [SIMBIO-SYS, MORE, startracker]). Is Mercury in the Cassini state/equilibrium?  Ephemerides value for invariant plane position (importance of ephemerides), Ephemerides value for orbital plane position (importance of ephemerides), observation for spin axis position (observation by radar and camera experiment with BC [SIMBIO-SYS, MORE, startracker]).

Remaining questions (2) What is the value of the libration amplitude?  observation of libration angle (observation by radar and camera experiment with BC [SIMBIO-SYS, MORE, startracker]). What is the contamination of the 88-day libration from free libration?  observation of libration angle (observation by radar and camera experiment with BC [SIMBIO-SYS, MORE, startracker]). What are the value of the gravity coefficients?  Gravity observation with BC [MORE]).

Gravity of Mercury

Different types of loading Surface loading Internal loading Necessary if high gravity signal but small topography Good model if gravity and topography correlate well

Flexure model

Global admittance analysis Admittance: C l depends on the rigidity of the lithosphere, C l = 1 for rigidity=0, perfect compensation, isostasy = 0 for an infinite flexural rigidity, no compensation Fit C l to observations to extract global rigidity gravity anomaly ~ internal mass load Crustal density density jump  m -  c topography degree of compensation

Gravity scientific performances; noise level on Doppler data BepiColombo Contributions to the spacecraft velocity from given spherical harmonic of the gravity field for the BepiColombo orbiter. Log 10 (velocity in mm/s)

Gravity scientific performances; noise level on Doppler data Messenger Contributions to the spacecraft velocity from given spherical harmonic of the gravity field for the Messenger orbiter. Log 10 (velocity in mm/s)

Gravity field determination from Doppler tracking data

Gravity Gravity field follows Kaula law: c/l 2 where l is the degree of the gravity coefficient and c is a constant. c is a scaling which depends on the planet. If one considers that terrestrial planets support stresses scaled by a factor g, the gravity anomalies are scaled by 1/g, and as the gravity coefficient are scaled by GM/r, one has a general scaling of 1/g/(GM/r). In the literature (Kaula, 1993, Vincent & Bender, 1990, Wu et al., 1995…), one finds a scaling of 1/g 2. In Milani et al. (2001) and in Garcia et al. (2004), one finds a scaling of 1/g.

PlanetScaling 1/g/(GM/r) Scaling 1/g 2 Scaling 1/g Earthc=10 -5 (Kaula) Marsc= Correct value c= c= Mercuryc= Best estimation c= c= Garcia et al., Milani et al. Marsc= (Lemoine et al., 2001) Mercuryc= Best estimation c= Dehant et al c= Article 1: gravity Garcia et al.

Crossovers

7-day crossover network on the planet surface rotation matrices (model) Displacement of the network in the inertial frame Least-squares fit a posteriori uncertainties on the rotation parameters Rotation of Mars: contribution of altimetry crossovers MGS orbit repeatability: 7 days (error: 0.08 %) – 88 revolutions Objective: Detection of the nutation in longitude and in obliquity; Better determination of the LOD.

Rotation of Mars: contribution of altimetry crossovers Observed values: Nutation: never observed; LOD: formal error of ~ 4 mas (Konopliv et al. 2001). Simulation results: Nutation: precision as low as 18 mas for longitude and 7 mas for obliquity; LOD: precision 27 mas. Conclusion: Liability of the least-squares estimator (stability and decrease of the uncertainties on the rotation parameters); Possibility to detect the nutation; In order to improve the LOD determination, we need more crossovers; Simulation based on less than 1 million of crossovers while actual number of crossovers: 24 millions (Neumann et al. 2001).

Rotation of Mercury: contribution of altimetry crossovers BepiColombo inclination 90° BepiColombo inclination 91°

Rotation of Mercury: contribution of altimetry crossovers Uncertainties of the rotation parameters estimated from the altimetry crossover depend strongly on the precisions of BELA and of the orbit determination. The number of crossovers depends strongly on the orbit inclination. MGS: precision for crossovers is 100 m BP: ?

Conclusions of Veronique’s part and introduction for Tim Van Hoolst’s part and Anne Lemaître’s part! 88 day ‘forced’ libration will be seen from the future space missions+radar; it will provide us with information on the core state (Vero’s part) and possible core composition and dimension (Tim’s part). Peale experiment uses libration angle, gravity coefficients in order to get solid moment of inertia, thus core state, and core moment of inertia. It is important to have support from the theory (Anne’s part) ~15 year ‘free’ libration, ?at an observable level? Static gravity field for lithospheric and crustal properties Time variable part, tides, Love number k 2, thus core state (Tim’s part).