Business Global Dimensions of Business Slides for preparation and review for second midterm Prof. Robert Chapman WOOD

The midterm …  multiple-choice questions  A choice of one of two essays (handed out ahead of time)  Bring Scantron (Form 882-E – the small style) Blue book (small is OK)

Multiple choice questions will cover …  Assigned reading in Chapters 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16  Also p. 355 of Ch. 10  Note that assignments for Chs. 11, 15 are small parts of those chapters  From the first third of the course, only Ch. 5 (trade theory) will be included Understanding trade theory is essential for understanding Chapters 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12 Also, the Porter article “The Competitive Advantage of Nations”  Chapters 8 and 17 will not be on this test

Use these slides and the class review discussion as guides  Study… the text your notes the original slides available on the class web page  Memorizing stuff from the slides is not enough! Make sure you understand each concept on the slides Have slides, your notes, and text open all at once  All midterm topics are mentioned on slides, but the slides themselves cannot provide full detail

Essays graded on whether you practice critical thinking  Show you understand the concepts In this case –  Gains from trade  Comparative advantage  Possibly ideas like infant industries, etc.  Your argument (whether you agree with what ’ s in the text or not) is based on and follows logically from facts and plausible existing theories.

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Key issues in Ch. 5: International Trade Theory  Mercantilism  Free trade – definition No barriers limiting trade  Economists think you should have the same incentives when you consider a product from abroad as from your home country. See special slides on the web site explaining what free trade is and why most economists support it

Arguments for gains from trade  Absolute advantage theory – Adam Smith  Comparative advantage theory - Ricardo Gains from trade when one country is better at everything  Extensions of comparative advantage theory Immobile resources will mean not all resources shift to new uses Diminishing returns to specialization Free trade further increases efficiency over time

 Your company has comparative advantage in the product or service where the ratio Cost in your country. Cost in the other country is lowest

 Product life-cycle theory (and limitations)  “New” trade theory – specialization leads to just a few winners in each industry Should government try to pick and promote the winners of the future?

Key issues in Chap. 7: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)  Definition of foreign direct investment Difference between indirect and direct investments (See Chapter 7-8 slides)  Why firms do foreign direct investment Be able to think about under what circumstances a firm would produce abroad Why not just license your tech to a local firm?  Acquisitions vs. build-it-yourself

 Recent trends Rapid growth over 20 years Recent decline in direct investments from one developed country to another Growth in direct investment in developing countries  especially East, South, and Southeast Asia

Key issues in Chap 10: Foreign exchange Note: Parts of the text of Chs. 10 and 11 are confusing and difficult. Download the slides  What are money? foreign exchange? exchange rate?  How to find out a currency’s value (on line or in newspaper)  Dollar as most widely used/traded London as site of most trade  Fixed vs. “floating” exchange rates

 Trading terms: bid, offer, spread  Fully convertible (hard) currency vs. “soft” currencies  Key issues of “fundamental analysis” in predicting change in a currency’s value See p. 355 in text (not in original assignment)

Key issues of Chap. 11: The International Monetary System  Fixed exchange rates from (“The Bretton Woods system”)  The floating exchange rate regime

Key Issues of Chap. 12: Global Corporate Strategy  What goes into the big decisions?  The core of strategy: value creation Strategic positioning: Need to be explicit about choice of strategic emphasis  Reasons a firm that expands abroad may be more successful

 Basic strategic choices The problem: pressures on international businesses  Pressures for cost reductions  Pressures for local responsiveness Possible responses  “International” strategy  Localization (or “Multidomestic”) strategy  Global standardization strategy  Transnational strategy

Porter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations  Understand what Porter means by the competitive advantage of an industry  Understand the four determinants Factor conditions (specialized factors) Demand conditions Related and supporting industries Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry  Understand what Porter means by each  Importance of pressure on firms

Key issues in Chap. 14 Entry Strategy and Alliances  Choosing which foreign markets Know some key criteria for choosing countries  Size  Growth rate  Stability  Spillovers Know problems of deciding when to enter Scale of entry

 Entry modes Exporting Turnkey projects Licensing Franchising Joint Ventures  Selecting mode to match competences  Strategic alliances Dangers Methods that can reduce the dangers  How location decisions should be influenced by Porter’s theories

Essential points from Chap. 15: Exporting and Importing  Information sources – U.S., local trade commissions  Lack of trust in exporting/importing  Getting paid Open account – the seller just sends a bill (often very dangerous) Letter of credit – document that obligates buyer’s bank to pay when goods shipped (usually very reliable)  Key export documents Draft – an order instructing someone to pay at a specified time Bill of lading – receipt for goods from the carrier (airline, shipping line) 17-11

Key Points of Ch. 16: Global Production, Outsourcing, Logistics Definitiions  Production Includes both service and manufacturing activities  Logistics  Outsourcing Goals – include responsiveness  To local demands  To shifts in customer demand Centralized vs. decentralized

 Benefits of making yourself  Benefits of buying from others (outsourcing)  Just-in-time inventory in the global supply chain Electronic data interchange