How Do People Get Back to Information on the Web? How Can They Do It Better? William Jones, Harry Bruce The Information School University of Washington Susan Dumais Microsoft Research

The Problem Finding things is a well-studied problem. Keeping things found is not so well- studied but arises in many domains: Everyday objects in our lives Personal files – paper and electronic The Web

Related Work Organizing personal files Files & “piles”, (Malone, 1983) Location memory is limited, (Jones & Dumais, 1986) Preference for browsing, (Barreau & Nardi, 1995); but see Fertig, Freeman & Gelernter (1996) for a rebuttal. Organizing Similar use patterns, similar problems as for personal files, (Whittaker & Sidner, 1996)

Related Work (cont.) Organizing the Web Widespread use of “Bookmarks”, (Pitkow & Kehoe, 1996) Steady increase in number with time, (Abrams Baecker & Chignell, 1998) Increasing use of folders, (Abrams et al., 1998) Frequent use of “Back” button within a session; infrequent use of “History”, (Tauscher & Greenberg, 1997)

Overall Research Objectives We’re looking for answers to the following questions: How do people manage information for re-access and re-use? How do people “keep found things found”? What problems do people encounter? What can be done to help?

The Research Project  Study 1: Observe “keeping” activities as participants complete work-related, web-intensive tasks in their workplace.  25 participants in all.  Study 2: Observe efforts to “re-find” web information for a subset of these same participants.  13 participants in all  Survey a larger group.  Initiated.  Prototype selectively.

Study 1: The Participants 6 Researchers. 10 Information professionals -- including librarians and corporate information specialists. 9 Managers.

Study 1: The Procedure Prior to the observation Participants completed an questionnaire… and listed at least three work-related, web-intensive “free- time” tasks. One task was selected for the observation. During the observation Participants were observed in their own workplace. Sessions lasted about an hour. An “over-the-shoulder” video recording was made of participants as they “thought-aloud” while working on the task. Participants handled office interruptions (phone calls, visitors, etc.) as they normally would.

Study 1: The Results Many “keeping” methods were observed: Send to self. Send to others. Print out the web page. Save the web page as a file. Paste URL into a document. Add hyperlink to a web site. Do nothing (and enter URL directly later, search for or access from another web site). Bookmark the page. Write down the URL on paper.

Survey results (so far)

A Researcher MC is a part-time lecturer and researcher at the University of Washington. Her task for the observation was to locate web materials that might relate to a lecture she was preparing on the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. MC made frequent use of . She mailed several URLs to herself – each in a separate along with comments. On two occasions MC also ed URLs to colleagues along with comments regarding potential relevance. MC maintained an elaborate organization of folders and subfolders in her application (Microsoft Outlook) and expressed confidence that she could quickly locate an old when needed. MC uses Favorites from time to time but declared that “it is a mess” because it hadn’t been organized recently.

A Manager DH is a third-level manager at Boeing. He travels frequently and is rarely in his office for an hour at a time. DH was interviewed over the telephone. DH rarely accesses the Web directly for workplace matters. When he does use the Web, the task is nearly always limited in time and scope. For example, he may occasionally use the Web to look up contact information for someone or to confirm a flight. DH depends heavily on – from colleagues, his subordinates and other managers to whom he is responsible in one way or another.

A Functional Analysis Several functions appear to influence the choice of method: Reminding Context Number of access points – home, work, road… Ease of maintenance …

A Functional Analysis (cont.)

Other Notables Participants seemed to distinguish between three categories. Web sites used repeatedly – make it easy to access. Web sites used infrequently but important to be able to access. Web sites to check out later to see if useful.

Other Notables (cont.) Some participants went to great lengths to maintain a single hierarchy. Print web pages to file with other papers. Save documents to filing system for e-docs. Work with assistant to establish consistent organizations across paper documents, e-docs, & favorites. Keeping practices appear to vary with a person’s job and relationship to information.

Study 2: Delayed Cued Recall A second study looks at how/how well people are able to get back to web sites. Session 1: Participant describes each in a set of web sites they have visited recently – without including name or URL. Session 2, 3-6 months later: Participants are cued with these descriptions and told to get back to the site as best they can. We observe methods used and problems encountered.

Study 2 Methods Focus on “useful” web sites – sites that a participant is very likely to want to re-access over the next 12 months (75% or greater). Sample for different frequencies of access in a typical week. High – daily access in a typical week. Medium – 1 to 3 times in a typical week. Low – not accessed in a typical week. Measure cue effectiveness. Does the participant recall the task? The site?

Study 2 Results Success rate is high – 90% or better. Roughly 2/3 of the re-finding methods require no “keeping” forethought. Direct entry of URL Access web site via another web site (such as a “hub”) Search again

When Participant Recalls Task and Site

When Participant Recalls Task Only

Prototyping … as driven by the data. Simple extensions to Add Favorites to support the following options: Add a comment. Save Favorite to filing system. Favorite.

The Prototype

Conclusions People use a diversity of methods to organize web information for re-access and re-use. A functional analysis can help us to understand the diversity of methods observed and their relative popularity.

Conclusions (cont.) Methods differ in the functions they provide. No single current method provides all the functions a user may need. The relative importance of functions (and hence the choice of methods) depends upon the task at hand.

Conclusions (cont.) A “natural” study of people doing tasks in their workplace can be very useful.

How Can We Do It Better? Better reminding. Better integration. Fewer organizational schemes. Further improvements in “do nothing” methods. In-line matching for suggested completions Factor history into search results? “Stuff I’ve Seen” searching.

For More Information

Supplemental slides

A Functional Analysis (cont.) Additional functions: Persistence of information Preservation of information in its current state Currency of information Ease of integration Communication and information sharing Portability of information

Use of keeping methods by participant group

A Functional Analysis (cont.)