Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe (19 th and 20 th century) Christoph Mick Lecture 6 Ukrainian History Week 8

Outline 1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus 2.Fragmentation and foreign rule 3. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate 4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians 5. Making Ukrainians: the Ukrainian national movement in the 19th c. 6. Conclusion

839 First mention of Rus’ in Western chronicles 839 First mention of Rus’ in Western chronicles 877 Prince Oleh of Novgorod shifts the capital of Rus’ from Novgorod to Kyiv 877 Prince Oleh of Novgorod shifts the capital of Rus’ from Novgorod to Kyiv 988 Official Christianisation of Kyiv Rus’: Prince Volodymyr the Great accepts Orthodoxy and marries Byzantine Princess Anna 988 Official Christianisation of Kyiv Rus’: Prince Volodymyr the Great accepts Orthodoxy and marries Byzantine Princess Anna 1027 Construction of Svyata Sofia (St. Sophia) Cathedral in Kyiv 1027 Construction of Svyata Sofia (St. Sophia) Cathedral in Kyiv 1113 Volodymyr Monomach – the last of the great princes of Kyiv 1113 Volodymyr Monomach – the last of the great princes of Kyiv 1155 – 1169 Destruction of Kyiv by Andrey Bogoliubsky, prince of Vladimir- Suzdal 1155 – 1169 Destruction of Kyiv by Andrey Bogoliubsky, prince of Vladimir- Suzdal 1187 “Ukraine” first used to describe Kyiv and Halychyna lands 1187 “Ukraine” first used to describe Kyiv and Halychyna lands 1238 Danylo Halytsky becomes Prince of Halychyna, unites Halychyna with Kyiv 1238 Danylo Halytsky becomes Prince of Halychyna, unites Halychyna with Kyiv 1240 Tatars capture Kyiv 1240 Tatars capture Kyiv

Outline 1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus 2.Fragmentation and foreign rule 3. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate 4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians 5. Making Ukrainians: the Ukrainian national movement in the 19th c. 6. Conclusion

Cossack (ukr. Kozak) is derived from the Turkic kazak (free man), meaning anyone who could not find his appropriate place in society and went into the steppes, where he acknowledged no authority. Cossack (ukr. Kozak) is derived from the Turkic kazak (free man), meaning anyone who could not find his appropriate place in society and went into the steppes, where he acknowledged no authority. By the end of the 15 th c. the name acquired a wider sense and was applied to those who went to the steppes By the end of the 15 th c. the name acquired a wider sense and was applied to those who went to the steppes In the mid 16 th c. the Cossack structure in the Zaporizhia was created – steppe settler’s struggle against Tatar raids In the mid 16 th c. the Cossack structure in the Zaporizhia was created – steppe settler’s struggle against Tatar raids 1569 Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania, “Wild Field” now belongs to Polish crown 1569 Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania, “Wild Field” now belongs to Polish crown Growth of cossackdom after Polish magnates established manorial system of agriculture (freedom of movement was limited, corvee was expanded) – profitable grain trade: many peasants fled to steppe Growth of cossackdom after Polish magnates established manorial system of agriculture (freedom of movement was limited, corvee was expanded) – profitable grain trade: many peasants fled to steppe Dilemma for Polish crown: cossacks needed to defend the steppe frontier, threat to Polish magnates and nobility – register cossacks (first 300, later 6,000, than 8,000). Crown tries to appoint leaders (elder, colonels) Dilemma for Polish crown: cossacks needed to defend the steppe frontier, threat to Polish magnates and nobility – register cossacks (first 300, later 6,000, than 8,000). Crown tries to appoint leaders (elder, colonels) 1590 First Cossack uprising, several more uprisings until First Cossack uprising, several more uprisings until 1638 After uprisings of the 1630’s register was significantly decreased After uprisings of the 1630’s register was significantly decreased 1637 Petro Mohyla establishes a Collegium in Kyiv 1637 Petro Mohyla establishes a Collegium in Kyiv 1648 Beginning of Cossack uprising, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in alliance with Tatars from Crimea, several victories over Polish army 1648 Beginning of Cossack uprising, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in alliance with Tatars from Crimea, several victories over Polish army

1654 Khmel’nytsky signs Pereyaslav treaty with Muscovy 1654 Khmel’nytsky signs Pereyaslav treaty with Muscovy 1663 Hetman of left bank Ukraine in coalition with Russia; Hetman from right bank – against Russia 1663 Hetman of left bank Ukraine in coalition with Russia; Hetman from right bank – against Russia 1667 Peace treaty of Andrusovo between Moscow and Poland – left bank Ukraine to Russia 1667 Peace treaty of Andrusovo between Moscow and Poland – left bank Ukraine to Russia 1685 Kyiv Orthodox Church Metropolitan becomes a division of Moscow Metropolitan 1685 Kyiv Orthodox Church Metropolitan becomes a division of Moscow Metropolitan 1709 Battle of Poltava, Hetman Mazepa in alliance with Charles XII defeated by Peter the Great 1709 Battle of Poltava, Hetman Mazepa in alliance with Charles XII defeated by Peter the Great 1722 First Ukrainian Hetman appointed by Russian Tsar 1722 First Ukrainian Hetman appointed by Russian Tsar 1772 First partition of Poland 1772 First partition of Poland 1775 Zaporizka Sich destroyed by Russians 1775 Zaporizka Sich destroyed by Russians 1780 End of Hetmanate 1780 End of Hetmanate

Outline 1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus 2.Fragmentation and foreign rule 3. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate 4. Halychyna and the Ruthenians 5. Making Ukrainians: the Ukrainian national movement in the 19th c. 6. Conclusion

1387 Kazimierz III (the Great) integrates Halychyna into Polish Kingdom 1387 Kazimierz III (the Great) integrates Halychyna into Polish Kingdom 1596 Union of Brest 1596 Union of Brest 1772 First partition of Poland – Halychyna to Austria 1772 First partition of Poland – Halychyna to Austria 1793 Second partition of Poland – right bank Ukraine to Russia 1793 Second partition of Poland – right bank Ukraine to Russia

Outline 1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus 2.Fragmentation and foreign rule 3. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate 4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians 5. Making Ukrainians: the Ukrainian national movement in the 19th c. 6. Conclusion

1798 Ivan Kotlyarevsky publishes “Eneyida” (in the vernacular, i.e. Ukrainian) 1798 Ivan Kotlyarevsky publishes “Eneyida” (in the vernacular, i.e. Ukrainian) Secret Brotherhood of Slavs Secret Brotherhood of Slavs 1834 Founding of the University of Kyiv 1834 Founding of the University of Kyiv 1837 Appearance of “Dnister Rusalkas” (Rus’ Triad) 1837 Appearance of “Dnister Rusalkas” (Rus’ Triad) 1840 Taras Shevchenko publishes “Kobzar” 1840 Taras Shevchenko publishes “Kobzar” 1846/47 Brotherhood of Sts. Cyril-Methodius (Kyiv) 1846/47 Brotherhood of Sts. Cyril-Methodius (Kyiv) 1848 Liberation of peasants in Galicia 1848 Liberation of peasants in Galicia 1861 Emancipation of serfs in the Russian Empire 1861 Emancipation of serfs in the Russian Empire 1863 Use of Ukrainian language prohibited by Russian government – prohibition confirmed Use of Ukrainian language prohibited by Russian government – prohibition confirmed ff: Railways in Ukraine, industrialization of the Donbas, iron ore mining in Kryviy Rih 1861 ff: Railways in Ukraine, industrialization of the Donbas, iron ore mining in Kryviy Rih 1898 Publication of the first volume of Michael Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus 1898 Publication of the first volume of Michael Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus 1905 Russian Revolution: restrictions on the use of Ukrainian language in Russian Empire lifted 1905 Russian Revolution: restrictions on the use of Ukrainian language in Russian Empire lifted

Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria, 1910 Population: 8 Million West Galicia in % East Galicia in % Together Roman-Catholic2,381, ,349, ,731, Greek-Catholic86, ,294, ,381, Jewish213, , , Protestant7, , , Orthodox , ,8450.0

Ruthenians (Rusyny) Territory: East Galicia (Eastern part of crownland Galicia and Lodomeria), Northern Bukowina, Carpathian mountains (all part of the Austrian Empire) Territory: East Galicia (Eastern part of crownland Galicia and Lodomeria), Northern Bukowina, Carpathian mountains (all part of the Austrian Empire) Religion: Greek-Catholic (Uniate) Religion: Greek-Catholic (Uniate) Vernacular: Ruthenian (west Ukrainian dialect) Vernacular: Ruthenian (west Ukrainian dialect) Social structure: overwhelming majority are peasants Social structure: overwhelming majority are peasants Elite: Greek-Catholic priests and a small stratum of secular intelligentsia Elite: Greek-Catholic priests and a small stratum of secular intelligentsia

Options Polish option – “gente ruthenus, natione polonus” Polish option – “gente ruthenus, natione polonus” Ruthenian option – “Rusyny” Ruthenian option – “Rusyny” Russian option – Russophiles Russian option – Russophiles Ukrainian option – Ukrainophiles Ukrainian option – Ukrainophiles (Panruthenian option) – including Belarussians (Panruthenian option) – including Belarussians John-Paul Himka, ‘The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus’: Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions’, in Ronald Grigor Suny and Michael D. Kennedy (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation (Ann Arbor, 1999), pp

Outline 1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus 2.Fragmentation and foreign rule 3. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate 4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians 5. Making Ukrainians: the Ukrainian national movement in the 19th c. 6. Conclusion

The Russian narrative Moscow tsardom and the Russian Empire are the legitimate successors to the Kievan Rus (principality of Kiev) The population of the territory of the principality came under foreign rule (Lithuanian, Polish), Belarussians and Ukrainians were alienated from the Great Russians Ukrainians and Belarussians are not separate nations, they belong to the Russian nation The Russian Empire collected the land of the Kievan Rus and liberated Belarussians and Ukrainians from foreign oppression The integration of this territory into the Russian Empire is historically necessary, legitimate and unites Ukrainians and Belarussians after several hundred years of enforced separation with their Russian brothers and sisters.

The Polish narrative The occupation of the Ruthenian lands in the 14 th century and the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Principality of Lithuania brought Western and Polish culture and civilisation to these eastern territories The union of Poland and Lithuania was profitable for both parts and made the Commonwealth the most powerful empire in Eastern Europe Belarussians, Ruthenians (Ukrainians) and Lithuanians are separate ethnies, but they will only profit from accepting superior Polish culture The partitions were a crime and a violation of divine and human law Belarussians, Ukrainians and Lithuanians have to accept the reconstitution of the Commonwealth under Polish leadership Only under the guidance of the Polish nation with her state building abilities will they be able to defend themselves against the semi-Asiatic and autocratic Russian Empire The reconstitution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is an expression of historical justice

The Lithuanian narrative The union of the Grand Principality of Lithuania with Poland was a mistake Lithuania was dominated by Polish culture and Polish politics and became a partner with fewer rights Poland profited from the union, but not Lithuania Lithuanian noblemen who were polonized betrayed the Lithuanian nation The union endangered the existence of the Lithuanian nation, made Lithuanian cities Polish and destroyed the basis for a nationally conscious political elite The majority of Belarussians are peasants, who played only a minor role for the important position of the Grand Principality in medieval and early modern times. Lithuanians need an own nation state, to prevent the destruction of the Lithuanian nation

The Belarussian narrative Belarussians are also heirs of Kiev Belarussian was the dominant culture in the Grand Principality of Lithuania Belarussians lost their elites through lithuanization, russification and polonization Belarussians are a distinct nation with an own distinct language, culture and historical past Belarussians have the right to live their culture and speak their language, cultural autonomy

The Ukrainian narrative The Ukrainian nation is the legitimate heir of the Principality of Kiev Not Moscow but the Principality of Halychina was the successor of Kiev Great Russians are a mixture of Finns, Tartars and East-Slavic tribes, Ukrainians are pure East Slavic with some Varangian influences In early modern Europe Ukrainian culture was superior to Russian culture Ukraine was partitioned and occupied by Moscow and Poland Ukrainians are democratic, Russians authoritarian There were always Ukrainians who wanted to build an independent state, the Cossack Hetmanate was a genuine Ukrainian state whose autonomy was abolished by evil Russian tsars The Ukrainians are a nation, which was forced to live under foreign (Russian, Austrian/Polish, Hungarian) rule Poetry and folklore of Ukrainians superior to Polish or Russian folklore Ukrainians need cultural and political autonomy within the Austrian and Russian Empire, in the longer perspective there can be an Ukrainian nation state