1 The Evolving Global Electric Supply Scenario and Biofuels Opportunities in Bangladesh Professor Saifur Rahman Director Advanced Research Institute Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State University, U.S.A. BUET Dhaka, Bangladesh 03 March 2009

(c) Saifur Rahman 2 Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2008 ** Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables & waste World Electricity Generation by Fuel

(c) Saifur Rahman 3 Transition from Central to Distributed

(c) Saifur Rahman 4 In 2007, wind capacity reached 93,849 MW (WWEA, 2008). The average annual growth rate in the last 10 years was close to 30% In 2007, photovoltaic (PV) capacity reached 9,100 MW (EPIA, 2008). Solar PV has a ten-year average annual growth rate of 31% In 2006, geothermal capacity reached 9,600 MW (BP, 2008). Worldwide Non-Hydro Renewables

(c) Saifur Rahman 5 Off-shore Wind turbines, Blyth, U.K. Wind Energy

(c) Saifur Rahman 6 Wind Farm in Hawaii Source: NREL

(c) Saifur Rahman Source: U.S. Wind Energy Projects (as of 12/31/2008)

(c) Saifur Rahman Source: Source:

(c) Saifur Rahman 9 Rooftop PV Test Facility at Virginia Tech, USA Solar Photovoltaics

(c) Saifur Rahman 10 Solar Power Highlights Source: EPIA, 2008 and BP, 2007 Current solar PV capacity: 9,100 megawatts (end of 2007) Some leading countries: - Germany (38.6%) - Japan (38.4%) - USA (12.9%) - Spain (1.6%) Above 40% growth rate continued in 2004 and 2005, more than doubling the solar PV capacity in two years.

(c) Saifur Rahman 11 Global Installed Solar Photovoltaics Source: EPIA, 2008 Cumulative Capacity ,100 6,851 5,253 3,847 2,795

(c) Saifur Rahman 12 Solar Photovoltaic Applications Grid Connected applications Remote area applications Building Integrated PV (BIPV)

(c) Saifur Rahman 13 Grid-connected Photovoltaics, New York City

(c) Saifur Rahman 14 Photovoltaics for Railway Signaling in Tibet

(c) Saifur Rahman 15 BIPV - 4 Times Square New York Location: Conde Nast Building, NYC Construction:BIPV Curtain Wall Completed: July 2001 Peak capacity:20kW Type: Custom triple-laminated 40W amorphous Si modules Environmental: >1million lbs of CO2 over its lifetime

(c) Saifur Rahman 23 Building Integrated PV at a Thai University

(c) Saifur Rahman 23 Biodiversity Monitoring Project in Bangladesh

(c) Saifur Rahman 18 Lehrter Train Station, Germany Source: Number of module: 1,440 Total area: 3,311 m 2 PV output: 325 kW Electricity generation: 274,000 kWh/yr

(c) Saifur Rahman 19 Hydroelectricity Large and Small

(c) Saifur Rahman 20 Three Gorges Dam in China

(c) Saifur Rahman x 700 = 18,200 MW

(c) Saifur Rahman 22 Small-Hydro

(c) Saifur Rahman Nuclear Power Plant 23

(c) Saifur Rahman 24 Issues with Nuclear Energy Long term storage of nuclear spent fuel Concern about nuclear proliferation No greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions Cost: US $5 billion to $7 billion for a 1,500 MW plant

(c) Saifur Rahman 25 Costs of Renewable Power Technologies

(c) Saifur Rahman 26 Cost-Competitiveness of Selected Renewable Power Technologies Source: Renewable Energy: RD&D Priorities, OECD/IEA 2006.

(c) Saifur Rahman Jatropha Plant and Seed 27

(c) Saifur Rahman 28 Assuming there is no intercropping needed, just jatropha plants, testing shows one can obtain an average of 7.5 kilograms of fruit or 3 kilograms of seeds per tree. Therefore, 6 tons/acre. At a minimum, several hundred acres of land needed for commercial operation. How many tons of Jatropha seeds per acre?

(c) Saifur Rahman How many liters of oil per 1,000 acres? With an average ratio conversion of 40% from seeds into Jatropha oil, trees can produce 2,400 tons of Jatropha oil per 1,000 acres. Applying a density rate of 0.9 kg/cm3, it is possible to obtain 2.7 Million liters of oil from 1,000 acres of land per year million liters of biodiesel per 1000 acres 29

(c) Saifur Rahman 30 Contact Information Name: Prof. Saifur Rahman Affiliation:Virginia Tech, USA Phone:(703) Web site: Questions or Comments?