Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Topic 1: World Trade, Globalization, and the Emergence of Europe

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The World in 1500— “An End and a Beginning” A World in Balance Separate Zones of Culture Cultural Pluralism Balance of Power – no real “superpower” Southernization – rich South and poor North. “motley array of human cultures” “their specific felt differences were very great”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 The Islamic Empires, Mughal Empire Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire “The Muslim Curtain” – Why?

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Qing Empire, #1?

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 “On May 21, 1498, Vasco da Gama and his crew arrived at Calicut after a direct sea voyage from Europe to Asia. If history’s modern age has a beginning, this is it.” (RGH, p. 2) Calicut

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 The World in 1500 –“A Beginning” What upset the Balance? European Explorations—What were they seeking? Western imperialism Westernization – cultural Globalization Early phase of Modernity- “self-conscious sense of having broken with tradition.” “The West went everywhere and they did not go home”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 What global processes were at work? Biological Exchanges Commercial Exchanges—Spice Trade, ex. Diffusion of Technologies and Cultural Traditions “European peoples drew most benefit from these from , but they did not dominate world affairs.” Traditions and Encounters, p. 595

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 “For Christ and spices!” Banda

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10 European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean,

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 European exploration in the Pacific Ocean,

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 European Empires and Colonies in the Americas c. 1700

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Export of Tobacco from Virginia

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania,

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 European trading posts in Africa and Asia, 1700

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 World Population Growth, CE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Sugar and Slavery

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 African Slave Exports per Century

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Destination of Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 The Triangular Trade in the Atlantic 1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa 2. African slaves purchased and sent to Americas 3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 The Lure of Trade Maritime routes to Asia  Spices, silk, porcelain Silk roads more dangerous since spread of Bubonic Plague Prices, profits increase Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Portuguese Breakthroughs Prince Henry of Portugal ( )  Promoted exploration of west African coast  Established fortified trading posts 1488 Bartolomeo Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin  Storms, restless crew force return Vasco de Gama reaches India by this route, 1497  By 1500, a trading post at Calicut

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 The Technology of Exploration Chinese rudder introduced in 12 th century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales  Work better with cross winds Navigational instruments Knowledge of winds, currents The Volta do Mar  “return through the sea”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Circumnavigation of the Globe Vasco de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while searching for gold in Panama, 1513  Distance to Asia unknown Ferdinand Magellan ( ) not supported by Portuguese, uses Spanish support to circumnavigate globe in  Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South America  Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors survive journey  Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippine Islands

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Origins of Global Trade Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin  Manufactured goods from Europe  Raw goods from Americas The Manila Galleons – “windfall for Europeans”  Spanish galleons dominate Pacific Ocean trade  Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials, esp. silver “Europeans bought themselves a seat on the Asian train”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Establishment of Trading-Post Empires Portuguese first to set up trading posts  50 by mid-16 th century Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge duties Alfonso d’Albequerque major naval commander  Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands amputated Yet Arab traders continue to operate Portuguese control declines by end of 16 th c.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 The Trading Companies Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese English East India Trading Company, established 1600 Dutch United East India Company (VOC), established 1602 Privately owned ships, government support Empowered with right to engage in trade, build posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 European Conquests in Southeast Asia Spanish conquer Philippines, name them after King Philip II Manila becomes major port city  Influx of Chinese traders, highly resented by Spanish, Fillipinos  Frequent massacres throughout 17 th, up to 19 th century  Significant missionary activity Dutch concentrate on spice trade in Indonesia  Establish Batavia, trading post in Java  Less missionary activity

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Exploration of the Pacific Spanish build Philippines-Mexico trade route English, Russians look for Northwest Passage to Asia  Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic circle Norwegian Roald Amundsen completes route only in 20 th century Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast of North America Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait James Cook (England) explores southern Pacific

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 The Seven Years’ War ( ) Commercial rivalries between empires at sea Global conflict erupts: multiple theatres in Europe, India, Caribbean, North America  North America: merges with French and Indian War, British emerge victorious, establish primacy in India, Canada

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Sixteenth-century Europe As the French leader De Gaulle once complained, “it was almost impossible to govern a country that had 200 different kinds of cheese.”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Europe, a “cramped little cluster of nations.” political units political units nations Composite Civilization – no common culture, even if a common religion Mediterranean Sea functioned as a“wall,” with little trade b/t Europe and other cultures.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 EUROPE IN 1500 Western 1/5 of Eurasia, neither the oldest nor most impressive civilization. -soil not that fertile. -population not that great (60-70 million) -“awkward geopolitically” -fragmented, no united Europe -on the losing end of struggles with the Muslims -most of its technology “borrowed” from Chinese and Muslim states -countries within Europe saw each other as rivals -warfare “gunpowder” states – much violence, competition within Europe “It’s relative weaknesses were more apparent than its strengths.”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 Why does Europe transform itself between ? OPPORTUNITY (thanks to the Americas and spice trade) MEANS (merchant capitalist organizations freed from government restraints, technology, military) MOTIVATIONS (competition among the Europeans), which they used, along with “God, Gold, and Glory,” and IDEAS (Renaissance and Reformation) to enhance their power

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 EARLY MODERN EUROPE TH 16 TH 17 TH 18 TH RENAISSANCEPROTESTANT REFORMATION SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ENLIGHTENMENT HUMANISMSPLIT WITHIN THE CHURCH SCIENTIFIC METHOD- “START FROM SCRATCH” “CLOCKWORK UNIVERSE” REASON “CAPITALIST SPIRIT”INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM SKEPTICISMNATURAL LAWS PROGRESS OLD IMPERIALISM “GOD, GOLD, GLORY” SPAIN, PORTUGALSPAINNETHERLANDSENGLAND, FRANCE TraditionalModern

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 39 Other Changes: The Consolidation of Sovereign States Absolutism – divine rights theory of kings  Louis XIV “L’etat c’est moi!” Constitutional States  England: constitutional monarchy “The Glorious Revolution”  Netherlands: republic Population Increases and Urbanization