Hydrologic Cycle

Sand porosity and permeability

Fig W. W. Norton Shallow aquifer Confining bed/ aquitard Deeper aquifer

Fig a Unsaturated zone

Fig W. W. Norton HUMID CLIMATE Important to identify recharge areas!!!! Do not pollute them!

Gaining Stream

Losing stream ARID CLIMATE

Fig W. W. Norton

Determine which way Groundwater flows Determine location of Recharge/discharge areas

Cone of depression

Fig a W. W. Norton

Fig b W. W. Norton

Fig c W. W. Norton

Fig a, b W. W. Norton

South Florida before pumpingSouth Florida after pumping

Fig W. W. Norton AQUIFER TYPES Confining bed

Confined/artesian aquifer Note: aquiclude = confining bed!

Fig c W. W. Norton The potentiometric surface is a pressure surface It’s the level to which water will rise in your well!

Flooding due to subsidence in Indonesia

Fig W. W. Norton

Unit Conversions Common units used to measure water are: cfs (cubic feet per second) gallons acre-foot inches (in precip gage) Need to be able to convert between them

Acre-foot 1 acre-foot = 43,560 ft 2 /acre x 1 foot = 43,560 ft 3 How many gallons is this???

Cubic feet  gallons 7.48 gallons = 1 ft 3 43,560 ft 3 x 7.48 gal/1 ft 3 = 325,829 gal

Length-Area-Volume L vs. L 2 vs. L 3 1 ft 2 12 inches 12 inches x 12 inches = 144 in 2 =1 ft 2

Length-Area-Volume L vs. L2 vs. L3 1 ft 3 12 inches 12 in x 12 in x 12 in = 1728 in 3 = 1 ft 3

CRATER LAKE Surface area = 579,348,000 ft 2 Avg. ann. Precip = 68 in. What volume of precip. is added to the lake in acre-feet each year? 1)Need to convert units to make them consistent. It’s easiest to convert Feet to acre-feet, so let’s convert inches to Feet! 68 in x 1 foot /12 inches = 68/12 feet = 5.67 ft 2) Calculate volume of precip. in ft3 by multiplying Surface area of lake x depth of precip. 579,348,000 ft 2 x 5.67 ft = 3,284,903,160 ft 3 3) Convert ft 3 to acre-ft 3,284,903,160 ft 3 x 1 ac-ft/43,560 ft 3 = 75,411 acre-ft/year from ppt.