1 Mark A. Rumsey Wind Energy Technology Department Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Albuquerque, NM Wind Turbine Technology Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL Montana State University Bozeman, Montana November 28, 2007

2 Calculation of Usable Wind Power Where:P ≡ usable power in the wind, in Watts  ≡ air density, in kg/m 3 (1.225 at sea level; in Albuquerque, NM) C p ≡ coefficient of performance ( C p max is the Betz Limit ~0.59) N ≡ mechanical and electrical system efficiency (~0.75) π ≡ pi (3.142) R ≡ blade length, in meters V ≡ inflow wind speed, in meters/second P = 1 / 2  C p N π R 2 V 3 The drivers!

3 Wind Power Density at 10 meters above ground US Wind Resource Map

4 Wind Industry Trends All US electrical generation in 2005 was 1,067,019 MW (Source: DOE/EIA)...

5 Wind Turbine Technology Trends and Challenges Wind Turbine specifications: –Electrical Power: MW –Turbine Weight: tons –Tower Height: meters –Blade Length: meters –Blade Weight: 6-23 tons Costs: –System < $3/lb –Blades < $5/lb –~$1.40/Watt *  $ /kWh * (Cost Of Energy) *- Volatility in the cost of steel and copper - Variable currency exchange rate - Few domestic manufacturers

6 Trends - Blade Weight versus Blade Length SNL

7 Wind Turbine Lifecycle WECS ≡ Wind Energy Conversion Systems

8 Blade Technology –Materials and Manufacturing –Structural, Aerodynamic, and Full Turbine Modeling –Lab and Field Testing, and specialized Data Acquisition Systems –Advanced Blade Concepts –Sensors, Smart Structures and Structural Health Monitoring System Reliability –Industry Data Collection –Improve reliability of the existing technology and future designs NREL/NWTC, Boulder, CO USDA-ARS, Amarillo, TX Sandia Wind Energy R&D Program TPI Composites, RI

9 Laboratory and Field Testing FAA-SNL AANC, Albuquerque, NM NREL/NWTC, Boulder, CO USDA-ARS, Bushland, TX NREL/NWTC, Boulder, CO

10 Materials Testing Sandia National Labs and Montana State University –Composite Material Testing (1989-present) –PI: Prof. John Mandell –Material Properties ( tests for 175 Materials) –Database updated once per year (Last update 04/2007)

11 Blade Innovations Prototype Sub-scale Blades Manufactured ( 9 meters ) –CX-100 Carbon spar cap Glass skin and shear web –TX-100 Carbon triax in skin for bend-twist coupling Constant spar cap thickness –BSDS ( Blade System Design Study ) Flatback airfoils Carbon spar cap Slenderized planform Large scale architecture Highly efficient structural design

12 Manufacturing Uncertainty - Big Issue! As designed As built

13 Current Location of Sensors on a Wind Turbine Nacelle – lots Tower Base – lots Blades – few to no sensors! Wind turbine Manufacturer: GE Energy Power Rating: 1.5 MW Tower Height: 80 meters Blade Length: 34 meters Blade Weight: 6 tons Jose’s Height: 1.9 meters Goal: Real-time blade sensing for advanced controls strategies, smart structure and structural health monitoring. Sensor Opportunities for Turbines

14 Failures!

15 Questions? Mark A. Rumsey Wind Energy Technology Department Sandia National Laboratories … for more information: