Language and dialect (first-year course: The Talking Animal, Autumn 2009)

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Language and dialect (first-year course: The Talking Animal, Autumn 2009)

Language dialects ? What do we mean by: language? dialect? Some possible definitions: Languages are divided into dialects Dialects are regional varieties of language Dialects are regional and social varieties of language But first we have to ask: what do we mean by a language?

Eidskog Eda 20 km ei stein e sten

Eid Eda steinsten

Oslo Stock- holm ← dialect continuum →

Oslo Stock- holm Eda Eid

Oslo Stock- holm Norwegian Swedish socio-political entities Eda Eid

Dialect continua in Europe

Langauge B Language A Language B GarobiaPorkistan Gorb Porki A national border in a dialect continuum

Language A Language B bilingual area Banandia Gorskch Nanamai Pthsiskt A national border between two different language families

Dialect continua in Europe

What is a dialect? What a language? Popular understanding: 1.A dialect is a type of language spoken by uneducated or country people. It is a corrupt form of the “correct” language. It is derived from the “corrrect” form. Those who speak the language “correctly” do not speak “dialect”.

What is a dialect? What a language? Or: 2.A language is a collection of dialects, one of which has been adopted as the standard variety, which people think of as “the language”. The standard variety is simply another dialect.

A dialect becomes a standard: 1.Selection. The dialect of the ruling or most influential class is adopted as the standard. 2.Literacy. It acquires a written form. 3.Standardizaton. Grammars and dictionaries are composed, spelling becomes fixed, and are competing grammatical or spelling forms current, one is adopted as correct and the other(s) are deemed incorrect. 4.Elaboration. Its vocabulary increases with cultural, philosophical, technological and scientific development.

the standard language: “French”, “German” REGIONAL DIALECTS Social axis Geographical axis

NorskSvenska Eidskog Eda

To Sweden, 1658

I

Weinreich an_army_and_navy "Vos iz der khilek fun a dialekt biz a shprakh?" Ikh hob gemeynt, az es ruft zikh im der maskilisher bitl, un ikh hob im gepruvt aroyffirn afn rikhtikn veg, nor er hot mikh ibergerisn "Dos veys ikh, ober ikh vel aykh gebn a besere definitsye. A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot."