Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz REGIONAL EFFECTS OF GERMAN INTERNAL EAST-WEST-MIGRATION AND THE PROBABILITY OF RETURN- MIGRATION 3rd INTERNATIONAL POPULATION GEOGRAPHIES CONFERENCE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL JUNE 2006

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz Decline in East Germany: poor economy, low GDP, high unemployment rate Recent Problems: Demographic change, birth deficit, demographic aging, shrinking cities In East Germany huge out-migration to West- Germany 40 % of the current population loss is caused by out- migtration to West-Germany 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée East-West migration flows 2003

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée N: 1151

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée Source: Statistisches Bundesamt,

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée N: 1074 Pearson Chi-Scare.000

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée N: 1149 Pearson Chi-Scare.000

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz 10,3 doctors, teachers, scientists, lawyers Lower office employees 5,7 Salesman and sales assistances, telephonists (call center), simple secretaries Qualified office employees 17,5 bank clerks, accounters, assistants, officials in charges Administration Manager 1,6 managing directors, factory managers, managers Total 100

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée N: 1074 Pearson Chi-Scare.000

Klaus Friedrich & Andrea Schultz 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée Answers (multiple answers possible)Countsin % Regional identity, “Heimat”memories Identity with hometown or -region, family and friends, positive private memories, memories of former job and study ,5 Quality of life, social environment beautiful nature or landscape, friendly mentality, culture, good leisure-time facilities, good social conditions (e.g. care of children); good living conditions 25512,9 Social environment, living conditions in a negative sense unfriendly people or racism, bad housing or architecture (e.g. Plattenbau), bad social environment, dirty towns 753,8 Politics and economics, rather negative tenor unemployment, bad economic conditions, old industries, bad policy, political and economic change, agenda for economic recovery “Aufbau Ost” 1326,7 Regional characteristics cities or regions (e.g., Halle, Harz), signs or beautiful architecture, regional specialities (e.g. chocolates, yogurt), regional personalities (e.g. Luther), regional institutions (e.g. Martin Luther university) 1668,4 Other other negatively, other positively, ambivalent feelings, nothing/anything 924,7 N= 1091, Counts= Attachment to the area of origin

Male migrant to Bielefeld, age 37 (native East German): “I have a very good memory of Halle. I found my student time was great. We had good conditions to study, and part of the lecturers was quite committed. […] I also find the special charm of the city very beautiful. The town has its own mixture of a radical- socialist proletarian culture and then, due to its large University, some student atmosphere. That is an impressive mixture. There are beautiful contrasts. This I totally enjoyed. […]I have a very good friend who works in Halle at the University and she keeps telling me what happens and what it is like in Halle now.” 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée

Male migrant to Cologne, age 38 (formerly born in West Germany): “The first subsidies we received on the condition that we found our enterprise in Halle. Therefore the guys could not come with me to Cologne. I am not an altruistic person or whatever you call this. I have not founded the company because East Germany should be supported or people should do something there. But I founded the company together with students, because these are my friends and you can make money through that. So I did it mainly for my benefit and I would like others to profit from it, Halle benefits from it and so do the guys. Due to this they got an employment and have an exciting time. If the company is successful, they can get rich, too. If not, in any case they will gain some good experience for their future.” 1. The context 2. Internal migra- tion streams 3. The Human Capital outflow 4. Networks and return migration 5. Resumée