Modul 4 The Brief History Of Australia

I. Pre Colonization II. Discovery and Exploration III. British Colonization IV. Convict Settlement V. Social and Economic Development (1820 – 1850) VI. Gold Rush (1850) VII. Transportation and Communication Development (1860 – 1880)

VIII.The Depression (1890 – 1893) IX.Federation (1901) X.World War I XI.World War II XII.The Post War Years XIII.Australia I 1970’s XIV.Australia I 1980’s XV.Australia I 1990’s

I.Pre Colonization  years ago Homo Sapiens from South East Asia to Australia  lake Murgo  Nomadic  No pottery civilization  Harmony to the nature  Hunting wild animals  Gathering edible seafood and plants  Clan / tribe kin skip system

II. Discovery and Exploration  The Dutch  First European landing, march 1606, led by Willem Janz  Abel Tasman in 1642 discovered New Zealand and Tasmania  Willem de Vlaming  Swan River  Australia was called New Holland  Hopes for wealth

 The English  First English ship “Ityal” in 1622  William Dampier “Cygnet” in 1688 – book on Botany Bay  Captain Cook “Endevaour” August 1768 discovered Botany Bay

III.British Colonization  Making Australia as British Penal Colony  Formally decided by King George III in 1787  Transportation to Botany Bay

 Severe punishment 7, 14, or life years  Hard labor  Death sentence  Crime  stealing handkerchief or a loaf of bread to murdering

 First fleet to the Transportation  Led by Arthur Philip in “Supply”  1475 passengers consisted of  211 marines  548 male convicts  188 female convicts  Voyage  May 1787 to 26 Jan 1788 (± 8 months)

 Reasons for Penal Colony in Australia  Britain’s prisons were overflowing  American independence prevented further transportation  The British elite people wanted to eliminate criminals in London

IV.Convict Settlement (1788 – 1840)  Threat of starvation  Convicts had to survive  Clearing the land  Building roads  Living in the barracks with scant food and clothing  Legs were ironed

 Emancipations Three levels of emancipation  A ticket of leave  Hard work  Good conduct  Work for themselves  Regular contact with authorities

 Conditional pardon  Convicts were granted for their liberty  They did not leave the colony  Absolute pardon  Giving absolute pardon to ex – convicts  Total freedom  A small land grant

V.Social and Economic Development (1820 – 1850) Exploring the natural resources of the “new land”. The discoveries among others were.

objectsPersonDate Grassland Lightgau Blaxland, Lawson Wentworth 1813 Roads to Bathrust Grazing Lands George Evans & William Cox & Convicts 1814 Macquarie Castlereagh Rivers Hasting John Oxley- Overland of Life StockJohn Edward Eyre- Murray RiverHome & Howell1824 North TerritoryJohn Mac Dougall Stuart 1860

VI.The Gold Rush (1850’s)  Causes The discoveries of gold  Barthurst, New South Wales, by Edward Hargraves, Feb 12, 1851  Ballarat, Victoria by Thomas Hiscock  Queensland

 Effects  Prospering the country and nation  Rapid immigration and transformation  Polluting the mining areas / diggings  Uncivilized  Unstable  Footloose men in tents

 Conflicts and frictions between  Miners > < troops and police (Eureka Strike)  Founding public libraries and museums  Racism toward the Chinese immigrants

VII.Transportation and Communication Development (1870 – 1890)  Types of transport  Land transport  train 1854  River travel  paddle steamer sail, ships, steamships  Types of Communications  Telegraph

 Effects  Uniting the country  Smoothing international and national as well as local trading  Spreading news and people  Connecting and linking the places and people

VIII.The Depression (1890 – 1893)  Causes  Financial crash in Argentina that caused London’s financial institutions crashed  Australia’s economy effected as her private sectors and governmental expansion activities were financed largely through loans from London

 Banks failed in Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland  Effects  Country’s produce  less than 50% than the previous price  Banks rate rose  Land values plummeted  High rate unemployment  Social unstable  strikes

IX.Federation (1901) Nationalist >< Conservatives Disliking dependence on Britain Preferring centralized government / power Gaining self  support and authority for each regions Losing their / voters and tax incomes

 The commonwealth of Australia  1 Jan’ 1901  Having the rights to conduct federal elections  Implementing white Australia policy:  Strict regulations on the European + Asian immigrants

 Discriminating the Aborigins, Asians and natives of Africa  Many party system  avoiding an outright  Introducing compulsory military training majority (1911)

X.World War I.  Britain >< Germany (1914).  Australia supported the Britain by forming ANZAC (The Australian and New Zealand Corps).  Gallipoli : Main duty in WWI of the ANZAC was to take control of Dardanelles, Allied Shipping.  8000 Australians were killed 20,000 were wounded.

XI.World War II.  Britain >< German (Hitler)  Europe.  Asia.  Japanese soldiers attacked Pearl Harbor  A treat to Australian people.

 Melbourne  Allied Forces in the South-West Pacific led by General Douglas Mac Arthur. March 17,  American – Australian force defeated Japanese soldiers in Port Moresby, New Guinea and the battle of the Coral Sea. In 1943.

XII.The Post – War Years.  1950’s  Baby boom.  Plenty of jobs.  Welfare Improvement  Increasing Social security.  Rising standard of living.  Strong economic growth.  Demand for primary products.  Introducing civil airlines.  Protecting Australian dollars & public credit.

 1950’s. Fearing of the growth of Communism.  Banning Communist Party in Aust.  Supporting American to defeat the communism by involving Australian soldiers in Korean & Vietnam Wars.

 1970’s.  Feminism movement.  Legalized abortion.  Equal opportunity.  Easier divorce.  Indigenous rights.  Migrant identity.  Gay Rights.  Environmentalism.

 1980’s – 1990’s.  Monarch >< Republic.  Friction with Indonesia  East Timor.  Strengthen the economic.  Tourism.  Services (Education).  Recognition of the rights of the Aborigines.  Native Act.  Mabo.