Systems Analysis and Design Alan Dennis, Barbara Wixom, and David Tegarden John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slides by Fred Niederman PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Systems Analysis Chapter 4 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Definitions The As-Is system is the current system and may or may not be computerized The To-Be system is the new system that is based on updated requirements PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Ideas The goal of the analysis phase is to truly understand the requirements of the new system and develop a system that addresses them -- or decide a new system isn’t needed. The line between systems analysis and systems design is very blurry. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

THE ANALYSIS PROCESS PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Analysis Across Areas Combines business and information technology Balance expertise of users and analysts PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

The SDLC Process PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Three Steps of the Analysis Phase Understanding the “As-Is” system Identifying improvement opportunities Developing the “To-Be” system concept PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Three Fundamental Analysis Strategies Business process automation (BPA) Business Process Improvement (BPI) Business Process Reengineering (BPR) PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Proposal Outline Table of contents Executive summary System request Work plan Analysis strategy Recommended system Feasibility analysis Process model Data Model Appendices PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

BUSINESS PROCESS AUTOMATION PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Business Process Automation Goal: Efficiency for users PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Identifying Improvements in As-Is Systems Problem Analysis Asking users to identify problems Rarely finds significant monetary benefits Root Cause Analysis Prioritizing problems Tracing symptoms to their causes PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Root Cause Analysis Identify symptoms Trace each back to its causes ROOT CAUSES PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Root Cause Analysis Example PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Business Process Improvement Introducing evolutionary changes PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Duration Analysis Calculate time needed for each process step Calculate time needed for overall process Compare the two Develop process integration or parallelization PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Activity-Based Costing Calculate cost of each process step Consider both direct and indirect costs Identify most costly steps and focus improvement efforts on them PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Benchmarking Studying how other organizations perform the same business process Informal benchmarking Check with customers Formal benchmarking Establish formal relationship with other organization PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Business Process Reengineering Radical redesign of business processes PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcome Analysis Consider desirable outcomes from customers’ perspective Consider what the organization could enable the customer to do PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Breaking Assumptions Identify fundamental business rules Systematically break each rule Identify effects on the business if rule is broken PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Technology Analysis Analysts list important and interesting technologies Managers list important and interesting technologies The group identifies how each might be applied to the business PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Activity Elimination Identify what would happen if each organizational activity were eliminated Use “force-fit” to test all possibilities PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Proxy Benchmarking List similar industries Look for techniques from other industries that could be applied by the organization PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Process Simplification Eliminate complexity from routine transactions Concentrate separate processes on exception handling PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

DEVELOPING AN ANALYSIS PLAN PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Developing an Analysis Strategy Potential business value Project cost Breadth of analysis Risk PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Analysis Strategies Business Business Business Process Process Process Automation Improvement Reeingineering Potential Business Low-Moderate Moderate High Value Project Cost Low Low-Moderate High Breadth of Analysis Narrow Narrow-Moderate Very Broad Risk Low-Moderate Low-Moderate Very High PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

CD Selections Understanding the as-is system Review documentation Informal benchmarking Identifying improvements Problem analysis Technology analysis Outcome analysis Developing a to-be system concept Develop process model Develop data model PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Your Turn How do you know whether to use business process automation, business process improvement, or business process reengineering? Provide two examples. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Avoid Classic Analysis Mistakes Reduced analysis time Requirement gold-plating User over-specification of features Developer gold-plating Too many “cool” features Lack of user involvement PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary The analysis process aims to create value for the organization Three main analysis strategies are BPA, BPI, and BPR These strategies vary in potential business value, but also in potential cost and risk PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Expanding the Domain For an interesting variety of IT resources as well as a wealth of information on Business Process Reengineering, take a look at: http://bprc.warwick.ac.uk/index.html#BPRCTOP PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.