H1C: Identify the Impacts of Solar Variability on the Earth’s Atmosphere Phase , Understand our Home in Space Global density, composition, temperature, and winds: surface km? over a solar cycle Spectral, spatial, and temporal variation of photon and energetic particle inputs over a solar cycle Enabling Capabilities & Measurements First principles data-assimilating models for predicting atmospheric structure and composition and their response to varying energy inputs Implementation Phase 1: Required Understanding Composition changes resulting from solar energy deposition Temporal, spectral, and spatial variability of solar energetic particle inputs Temporal and spectral variability of solar ionizing and dissociating irradiance Effect of solar variability on Neutral & plasma dynamics, structure, & circulation Tidal, planetary, and gravity wave generation, modulation, and coupling Parameterizations of turbulence and wave effects in GCMs Horizontal and vertical energy and constituent transport Radiative cooling in response to variable energy deposition TIMED – IT/Meso temp, density, CNOFS, DMSP ITMWaves, SECEP Model Development: Whole Atmosphere GCM Theory Program: Wave interactions and Coupling Climate change mechanisms Rocket Campaigns: Energy inputs, Atm. coupling Energy redistribution by tides, gravity and planetary waves and turbulence Global imaging of the ITM Explorer Candidate AIM Polar mesospheric clouds Explorer Program Existing Assets ITSP, IT Imaging LWS ProgramEnabling SDO EUV input into system LWS ProgramContributing Enabling Long term calibrated observations of changes in different atmospheric layers L1 Monitor, DMSP, NPOES PartnershipsEnabling Do impacts of solar variability affect all layers of the atmosphere?

H2C: Determine the Habitability of Solar System Bodies Phase , Our home in space Density, composition, temperature, and winds: surface through thermosphere for planetary bodies Spectral, spatial, and temporal variation of photon and energetic particle inputs to planetary atmospheres Enabling Capabilities & Measurements First principles data-assimilating models for planetary bodies which describe atmospheric structure and composition and their response to varying energy inputs Implementation Phase 2: Impacts of solar variability on planetary atmospheres and surfaces Internal and External quantitative drivers of the geospace environment Magnetosphere - atmosphere – surface coupling Mars Aeronomy Probe (MAP) Geospace System Response Imager (GSRI), ITM Waves Model Development: Planetary Whole Atmosphere GCM Theory Program: Coupling in planetary atm. Rocket Campaigns: Coupling Energy redistribution by tides, gravity and planetary waves and turbulence Explorer Candidate Strategic mission Extremes of the variable radiation environments at solar system bodies Photochemistry of planetary atmospheres Targeted Understanding Dust environments of planetary bodies Ionosphere / Magnetosphere Imaging Enabling Venus Aeronomy Probe (VAP) Strategic missionContributing

Targeted Outcome: Phase 2025+, Our Home in Space Determine How Planetary Habitability Evolves H3C: Targeted Outcome to Capabilities to Implementation Global density, composition, temperature, and winds: surface - thermosphere for planetary bodies Observational and predictive capability for spectral, spatial, and temporal variation of photon and energetic particle inputs over short and long time scales Enabling Capabilities & Measurements Operational first principles data- assimilating models for planetary atmospheres which predict atmospheric structure and composition and their response to varying energy inputs Implementation Phase 3: Required Understanding Composition changes resulting from solar energy deposition Temporal, spectral, and spatial variability of solar energetic particle inputs Temporal and spectral variability of solar ionizing and dissociating irradiance Magnetospheric – atmospheric – surface coupling Titan Explorer (TE)GSRI Model Development: Operational Planetary Whole Atmosphere GCM Theory Program: Coupling in planetary atm. Rocket Campaigns: Coupling Energy redistribution by tides, gravity and planetary waves and turbulence Explorer Candidate Strategic missions What determines the habitability of planets What are the impacts of solar variability on planetary atmospheres? Enabling