S HySafe – The network of excellence for hydrogen safety Thomas JORDAN Institut für Kern- und Energietechnik Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Safety relevant properties of - hydrogen - methane - propane - gasoline vapour hydrogen methane propanegasoline vap. kg/m 3 density 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 mJ ignition energy MJ/kg heat of combustion OEG-UEG (%) flammability range 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 m/s laminar burning velocity 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 1/mm detonation sensitivity 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 cm 2 /s diffusion coefficient  =1 -3,5 -3,0 -2,5 -2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5  Luft  Gas  (kg/m 3 ) buoyancy Motivation hydrogen methane propanegasoline vap. hydrogen methane propanegasoline vap. hydrogenmethane propanegasoline vap. hydrogenmethane propanegasoline vap. hydrogen methane propanegasoline vap. hydrogen methane propanegasoline vap. hydrogen methane propanegasoline vap. Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June ,01 0, Dichte Strahlimpuls- laminar -turbulent -sonic Molekulare Diffusion Auftrieb Molare stöchiom. Konz. Brennbarkeitsgrenzen Zündenergie Selbstzünd. Temperatur Löschspaltweite Spez. Verbrennungswärme Volum. Verbrennungswärme Laminare Brenngeschw. Potential für Flammenbeschl. AICC Temperatur AICC Druck AICC Schallgeschwindigkeit Detonationszellgröße CJ-Detonationsgeschw. CJ-Detonationsdruck Related to hydrogen hydrogenmethanepropanegasoline vapour DetonationLam. DeflagrationTurb. DeflagrationZündungMixingRelease  D UFL-LFL E i T AI  D CJ P T AICC P c  · S L d c Q/m F Q/V mix S L  -1/2 c C st  A  F Differences between H 2 and other burning gases ~ factor 10 in all important qualities Successful risk management needs H 2 specific analyses and mitigation measures Motivation Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 ∫ dt = NoE HySafe Objectives strengthen and focus, integrate fragmented research on hydrogen safety  competitive scientific and industrial community Promoting public awareness and trust in hydrogen technologies development of an excellent safety culture General Goal Contribute to a safe transition to a sustainable development in Europe by facilitating the safe introduction of hydrogen technologies / applications Objectives Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Consortium ● 24 partners from 12 European countries and one Canadian partner ● 12 public research organisations, 7 industrial partners, 5 universities ● ~150 scientists Details Time schedule network/project start:03/2004 subsidised max. duration: 5 years Budget Total > 13 M€ with a EC grant of max. 7 M€ Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHDE L’Air LiquideFR Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingDE BMW Forschung und Technik GmbHDE Building Research Establishment LtdUK Commissariat à l’Energie AtomiqueFR Det Norske Veritas ASNO Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft ICTDE Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHDE GexCon ASNO The United Kingdom’s Health and Safety LaboratoryUK Foundation INASMETES Inst. Nat. de l’Environnement industriel et des RISquesFR Instituto Superior TechnicoPT European Commission - JRC - Institute for EnergyNL National Center for Scientific Research DemokritosEL Norsk Hydro ASANO Risø National LaboratoryDK TNONL University of CalgaryCA University of PisaIT Universidad Politécnica de MadridES University of UlsterUK VOLVO Technology CorporationSE Warsaw University of TechnologyPL Consortium Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Organisational Structure Co-ordinator Co-ordination Committee Request Advise Advisory Council Management Office Request Advise Governing Board Approval Reporting Reporting Single Point of Contact European Commission Sub- Committee WP 16 Sub- Committee WP 1 Coordinator STORHY Coordinator HYWAYS Coordinator NATURALHY Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 CEN HFP StorHy HyWays NATURALHY North America Japan Russia ISO IEA Advisory Council HyApproval HyFire HyTrain HyCourse HySAFEST E&T R&D RC&S EH SC European Hydrogen Safety Centre External Networking Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June Work Packages in 4 Clusters Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 DistributionFires and Explosions Mitigation Risik Analysis RC&S Production Transport Refueling Other Vehicles Portables Street Vehicles Application / Scenarios Risik Control Preliminary Ranking Activity Matrix Phenomena PIRT Stationary Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 IEF - Experimental Facilities only 6 out of > 80 Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 CFD Club – Benchmarking SBEP V3 (Dispersion) 240g H2 into „garage“ SBEP V2 (Deflagration) 20m hemisphere (Fh-ICT test) Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Numerical Tools I PartnerCodeCFD/integral/otherApplicability area BREJASMINE, SOFIE, CFXCFDV2: combustion and heat transfer; V3: mitigation CEACAST3M coupled to integral/CFDV1: distribution/mixing V2: combustion; V3: mitigation SIDONHYTwo-phase 1DV1: release from high pressure tanks DNVFLACS, CFXCFDV1: ventilation, dispersion V2: explosion, pressure effects; V4: risk assessment PhastIntegralV1: release/dispersion and V4: risk assessment FZJCFX4CFDV1: atmospheric spreading of H2-air-steam clouds, distribution in complex geometries V2: combustion of flammable H2-air mixtures LauVIntegralV1: LH2 pool spreading and vaporisation on different grounds FZKGASFLOWCFDV1: distribution/mixing V3: mitigation devices COM3D, FLAME3D, DET3D V2: combustion at different regimes V3: combustion mitigation GexConFLACSCFDV1: ventilation, dispersion V2: explosion, pressure effects from dispersion/premixed V3: mitigation strategies; V4 HSE/HSLStar CD, CFX, SOFIE, AutoReagasCFD V1: mixing and distribution V2: combustion, V3: mitigation and V4: risk assessment Scope, FredIntegral INERISPHOENICS, ARIARISKCFDV1: release, mixing and distribution JRCREACFLOWCFDV2: pressure effects from H2 explosions Simulations within confined/semi-confined geometries Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 PartnerCodeCFD/integral/otherApplicability area NCSRDADREA-HFCFDV1: release, mixing and distribution V3: mitigation (venting, water spraying) GAJETIntegralV1: discharge from CGH2 system NHFLACS Fluent, KAMELEON CFDV1: high pressure discharges, high speed jet impingement, in- and outdoor dispersion V2: combustion and explosions PHASTIntegral RisøGReAT REDIPHEM IntegralV1: outdoor buoyant plume dispersion, “instantaneous” concentrations V4: methodologies for RA Database structure for dispersion tests TNOAutoReaGasCFDV1: dispersion; V2: explosion and pressure effects UCCFD (2D, 3D)V2: combustion, detonation; V3: venting, pressure effects V4: simulation of accident scenarios UPMCFX4CFDV1: distribution, mixing, heat transfer; V2: combustion V3: mitigation (venting, recombiners) V4: methodologies for RA MELCORIntegral UUCINDYIntegralV1: distribution/mixing: V2: accidental combustion; V3: mitigation (venting, water spraying) V4: risk assessment (modelling of consequences) FLUENTCFD WUTZNDDetailed chemistryV2: combustion DLCFD (1D) DETONCFD (2D) KIVA-3VCFD (3D)V1: release/distribution/mixing Numerical Tools II Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination > 30 Numerical Tools

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Integration of Experience Administration & Risk “environment” Where (application, environment,…) Technical specification of the event Equipment spec, location,…. Hazardous Event Specification What happened and why Hazardous Event Consequences Specification Fatalities, injuries, property damage, … Incidence and Accidents Database (HIAD) Structure: Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination Integration/Support of RC&S

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Integration/Support of RC&S Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Research Headlines Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination (Partially) Confined Releases Mitigation have been determined by - initial PIRT study - expert questionnaire - state-of-the-art survey communicate the network’s working topics, orientate the work on intermediate time scale (proposals for experiments, benchmarking, Internal Projects …)

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Internal Project “InsHyde” Investigation of realistic non-catastrophic releases in (partially) confined areas Determination of permeation and release limits Systematic assessment of mitigation (including detection) measures (sensors + venting + recombiner+...) Simulations and experiments for critical releases Deriving „Recommendations“, → standards,... Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 PLD05PLE04PLF04 “InsHyde” Max. Inventory Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS Released mass of Hydrogen: g (Standard variation) Release time: s (Jet  Plume) Ignition time:- to be chosen in a way, that presumably Ignition location: maximum H 2 - combustion occurs Ignition energy:- weak, strong Complexity of geometry a) Obstacles:- different number of wire netting layers  turbulence and flame convolution b) Enclosure:- different number of restrictive plates (i.e. Aluminium) Option: systematic variation 1/6 3/65/6 6/6 Obstructed area / Total area

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 ESTIMATED RESULTS Mixture degree is dependent on Release time Enclosure Obstacles (included implicit in Data) 0510 completely premixed not premixed realistic upper limit little realistic upper limit increasing mixture degree m H2 (g) Q (J/m 2 )  p max (mbar) 0510 m H2 (g) Q (J/m 2 )  p max (mbar) weak ignition strong ignition increasing mixture degree Example: Effect of enclosure (1-6 Sides) m H2 pp Upper limit m1m1 m2m2  p limit

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Internal Project “HyTunnel” → Improved Tunnel Safety with H 2 as the fuel of the future - Selection of broadly accepted szenarios. - Review of available relevant numerical and experimental simulations - Qualitative assessment on standard mitigation measures effectiveness (benchmark) i.Experimental part (depending on financing) ii.Extension of the EC Tunnel „directives“ Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Simulation of a LH2 release due to loss of thermal insulation in a tunnel accident Internal Project “HyTunnel” Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 … in WP9 “IgnHyd” Probabilistic Ignition Modelling … in WP12 Applicability of existing HZ and Q-D rules … with EC IP StorHy for storage in road vehicles. - Bonfire Test Standard / Impinging jet fire (EIHPII) - Safety characterisation of solid storage materials / systems … cooperation and safety review of EC STREP HyApproval – handbook for refueling stations EC STREP HyPER – handbook for small stationary system (under negotiation) Further activities … Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 WP1: BRHS ●First Edition of Biennial Report on Hydrogen Safety (constituting the iteratively updated “Handbook on Hydrogen Safety”) ●Publicly accessible literature database ●Design of curriculum (living document with many external contributions) ●Database of hydrogen industries (publicly accessible via website) ●Summer School on Hydrogen Safety HYCOURSE start August 2006 in Belfast ●Early stage training HySAFEST, successful application for Marie-Curie- Program and possible clustering with HYFIRE WP15: e-Academy WP16: RC&S ●Safety Assessment / Reporting Framework for FP7 ( HySafe Safety Action Plan) Guidelines for subsidised projects, safety audits and reporting templates Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Invitation to the 2 nd ICHS on … Int. Conference ICHS Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Short Courses (WHEC programme p. 84) Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Support NoE HySafe is co-funded by the European Commission within the 6th Framework Programme ( ); Contract n°: SES6-CT The network is contributing to the implementation of the Key Action "Integrating and strengthening the ERA" within the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Thanks to all HySafe colleagues… … and thank you for your attention. Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006

17 Workpackages WP3. (UPM) SBEP WP5. (DNV) HIA Database WP6. (FZK) Principal CFD Exercises and Guidelines WP7 (Risø) Mapping Priorities and Assessment WP17. (FZK) Overall Management WP8. (NSCRD) H2 release, mixing and distribution WP9. (HSE/HSL) Hydrogen ignition and jet fires WP10. (FZK) Hydrogen explosions WP11. (GexCon) Mitigation WP12. (DNV) Risk assessment methodologi es Integrating activities WP1. (INERIS) Biennial Report on H2 Safety WP13. (FZK) Web Site WP14. (UNIPI) Conference on Hydrogen Safety WP15. (UU) e-Academy WP16. (INERIS) Standards, Legal Requirement s WP2. (FZJ) IEF WP4. (CEA) Scenario and Phenomena Ranking Joint Research Program Spreading of excellence activities Shift of focus Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Planning – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Test chamber dimensions 5,5 x 8,5 x 3,4 m, 160 m 3 Air flow rate up to m 3 /h,  1 air exchange per 24 s Adjustable air flow field arround test object Allows release of hydrogen and distribution measurements in chamber Explosion protected ventilation systems Limited combustion inside chamber possible, Air distribution deck Air house Test chamber Lower compartment FZK HYDROGEN TEST CHAMBER One “InsHyde” contribution… Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Planning – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Without ventilation With ventilation Test effects of - ignition time - ignition location - obstacles in cloud (use cubes with mesh wire as bounding cases) on: - peak overpressures- flame velocities - impulses- flame stability ( in case of jet flame) Results - max. tolerable H2 leak rate and inventory for given ventilation conditions - criteria for fast combustion regimes under partly premixed, non-confined conditions from realistic release scenarios with small leaks pressure transducers ceiling H 2 leak 10% 1% variable position ceiling H 2 leak 10% 1% V air. Ignite selected distribution experiments under dynamic H 2 release conditions continued… Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Planning – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Clusters and Packages Management Projects Project Management Technical Internal Projects WP10. (FZK) Hydrogen explosions WP8. (NSCRD) H2 release, mixing and distribution WP9. (HSE/HSL) Hydrogen ignition and jet fires Supporting Activities “Phenomena” Supporting Activities “Tools” WP6. (FZK) Principal CFD Exercises and Guidelines WP3. (UPM) SBEP WP2. (FZJ) IExperimentalF WP11. (GexCon) Mitigation WP12. (DNV) Risk assessment methodologies Supporting Activities “Risk evaluation and control” WP17. (FZK) General Management PMO WP7. (Risø) Mapping and Prioritization of Activities WP4. (CEA) Scenario and Phenomena Ranking Hydro gen Senso rs Releases in (partially ) confined spaces Repair Shop for H2 vehicles Technical External Projects HyPE R StorHyHyAppro val NATURALHY Disseminating Activities WP1. (INERIS) B Report HS WP5. (DNV) HIA Database WP14. (UNIPI) Int Conf. on Hydrogen Safety WP15. (UU) e-Academy WP16. (INERIS) RC&S DJPA planning Business Plan „European Hydrogen Safety Center“ Jointly Excecuted Research Activities NoE Management by Coordination Committee WP13. (FZK) Website Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Structure and Leaders Lead: FZK and DNV Lead: FZK and DNV Lead: CEA and HSE Lead: CEA and HSE Lead: UNIPI and UU Lead: UNIPI and UU Lead: FZK and INERIS Lead: FZK and INERIS Lead: NCSRD Lead: BRE Lead: FZJ Lead: HSE Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination

16th World Hydrogen Ebergy Conference. Lyon, France, 14 June 2006 Internal Project “HyTunnel” Accidents in public focus Heterogenous regulations Costly and long term investments Introduction – Networking – Structuring Work – Integration – Activities – Dissemination