Happy New Year! ExamExam – Help, what should I study?! Medieval texts (content, background) Geoffrey, Chretien, Vulgate Cycle, Malory, etc. Lecture material Developments, dates, terms Hand-outs Passages, overviews, background Reports on the website Content presentations and texts

Jogging your memory! Chronological survey, development: growth and change (e.g. characters) Oldest material; scraps, mixture of fact&fiction, traces of oral tradition (Culhwch, Bretons) HRB: Latin, pseudo-chronicle, sources, first biography (incl. Merlijn), propaganda Vernacular: Wace (RT, Espoir Breton), Layamon Chronicle  Romance (fiction!): Chrétien de Troyes  Lancelot  Graal

Graal and Merlin  Robert de Boron Lancelot and Graal  Lancelot en prose Vulgaat cycle: prose = ‘true’; double esprit Translations and variants (Middle Dutch Lancelotcompilatie, Middle English Stanzaic and Alliterative) Interchanging chronicle-romance Keystone Malory = basis for ‘Nachleben’

Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur (1470/1485) Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revell, born around 1416, died 1471 War of the Roses: Lancaster-York Knight-prisoner: criminal? Long list of misdeeds may be politically motivated Writer in prison: collection of Arthurian tales, based on `Frenssche bookes` (Lancelot en prose and Tristan en prose) In 1485 printed by William Caxton, also Winchester manuscript (1470) with 8 Tales instead of 21 books with small chapters  Works (ed. Vinaver) Caxton misread title final tale as title whole; Malory gives full biography (but undoes interlace).

Nachleben Caxton’s edition is popular, yet appreciation Arthurian stories diminishes in 15th-16th century 19th century (Romantic Period): revival Middle Ages  new editions of Malory shortly after 1800, parallel to ideological interest British king/queen (Westminsterpalace, Victorians, position monarchy needs support) Example: frescoes in The Queen’s Robing room Gawain and women  mercy Arthur and Lancelot  generosity Example: wood-engravings in the House of Parliament Arthur and Avalon Arthur and Excalibur

Nachleben Alfred, Lord Tennyson - The Lady of Shalott (ME bron = Mort Artu)  Loreena McKennit (hand-out)hand-out Idylls of the King, and other texts like Morris’s Defence of Guenevere Pre-Raphaelite Movement: a.o. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Burne-Jones, William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Aubrey Beardsley Launcelot’s Vision of the Sanc Grael: Oxford murals  art in public space; windows above the sink Themes: -Arthur in boat to Avalon  photo Julia Margaret Cameron -Lady of Shalott, Elaine of Astolat

William Holman Hunt The Lady of Shallot Dante Gabriele Rossetti Damsel of the Sanct Grael

Aubrey Beardsley – Merlin (1893–94, for an edition of Le Morte Darthur, Malory)

Oxford Union Murals The Lady of the Lake gives Excalibur to Arthur

Julia Margaret Cameron The Passing of Arthur

Nachleben ‘Nachleben’ continues after 19th century: examples Galahad as symbol for unknown soldier, Grail metaphor, Round Table, Avalon Many novels, often with new perspectives (Morgaine, Guinevere, Merlin, minor characters) Music: Rick Wakeman, Kayak. McKennit Games Movies: Friday, 10-12! (Monty Python, First Knight, The Fisher King, Excalibur, etc.)