Seasonality and Infectious Disease Presented by Jessica Beckham 3/3/11

Altizer, Sonia, Andrew Dobson, Parviez Hosseini, Peter Hudson, Mercedes Pascual, and Pejman Rohani. "Seasonality and the Dynamics of Infectious Diseases." Ecology Letters 9.4 (2006): Word cloud created at wordle.net

Beier, John C. "Malaria Parasite Development In Mosquitoes." Annual Review of Entomology 43.1 (1998): Word cloud created at wordle.net

Infectious Diseases Exhibiting Seasonality Malaria Dengue West Nile Cholera Measles Influenza Ebola Rabies (in skunks) Intestinal nematodes (in livestock) Bot fly (in reindeer)

“ Vector-borne diseases, including those caused by viruses, protozoa and filarial nematodes, are among those parasites most likely to covary with environmental conditions (Altizier et al, 2006; Dobson&Carper 1992; Hay et al 2000). ”

SEIR Revisited Experiments… Varied transmissibility, β (beta) Varied recovery,  (gamma) Varied birth rate, (lambda) Varied death rate

RoRo Basic reproductive number of a parasite Number of cases that arise from one case R o > 1 … epidemic likely R o < 1 … epidemic unlikely Spatial and temporal variation Affected by parasite transmissibility, susceptible host availability, host susceptibility

Measles Data: measles notifications in Glasgow Soper (1929) Deterministic models of measles predicted damped oscillations BUT, Glasgow data showed large sustained oscillations “perturbing influences” lacking in basic model Peak in October – start of school Other studies corroborate – increase in childhood disease when school opens, decrease during vacation

Cholera Data: records of deaths in India Seasonal and long-term fluctuations Moisture, temperature Models needed: Primary transmission (reservoir  human) Secondary transmission (human  human)

Modeling Seasonal Dynamics Big Question: How do seasonal dynamics alter the dynamics of infectious disease? Transmission oscillates with time Seasonal forcing functions How to deal with multiple seasonal processes relative to one another? Noise?

Future… HOW does seasonality affect processes? Incorporate seasonality into mathematical models How do processes interact? Better stats, more data “Be aware of evolution”

“Bottlenecks occur at every stage of the [malaria parasite] cycle in the mosquito.” -Beier

Sporogonic Development of Plasmodium parasites Occurs in mosquito Three main phases where bottlenecks occur: Gametocyte to ookinete transition Fertilization, differentiation Ookinete to oocyst transition Midgut traversing, abortion of early-stage oocysts Oocyst to sporozoites in salivary glands Oocyst production of sp, invasion/survival in salivary gl

Temperature and Sporogony Plasmodium development varies with temp. range of temperatures: ~20-30 Celsius 9-21 days

Seasonality Implemented…

Seasonality Implemented, cont. x axis = temp (days); Y axis = time to complete cycle (days)

In 1991, the Institute of Medicine published a report on malaria. Each component chapter contained a section on “where we want to be in the year 2010,” with the chapter on “Vector Biology, Ecology, and Control” stressing the following: Vector biology will play a major role in the battle against malaria. Improved vector surveillance networks will allow most countries, particularly those in Africa, to mount effective control efforts and to predict outbreaks of disease. Researchers will be able to conduct epidemiologic surveys and track drug resistance simply by analyzing mosquito populations. Simple techniques will be used in the field to identify morphologically indistinguishable mosquitoes that have different capabilities to transmit malaria parasites, leading to more effective application of vector control measures. The entomological risk factors for severe disease and death will be identified, and interventions will be implemented. The development of environmentally safe antimosquito compounds will complement traditional residual insecticide spraying, and genetically engineered microbial agents will be used to kill mosquito larvae. An antimosquito vaccine will add to the growing arsenal of malaria control weapons. Feasibility studies will be carried out to replace populations of malaria vectors with natural or genetically altered forms that cannot transmit human malaria.