I.Scientific Method A.Process 1.Observation Careful; Include as many parameters as possibleCareful; Include as many parameters as possible Observations  Induction  HypothesisObservations  Induction  Hypothesis 2.Hypothesis Possible causePossible cause Reflect past experience (educated guess)Reflect past experience (educated guess) Multiple (consider alternative explanations)Multiple (consider alternative explanations) TestableTestable FalsifiableFalsifiable 3.Prediction Hypothesis/Principle  Deduction  PredictionHypothesis/Principle  Deduction  Prediction 4.Experiment Experimental group, Control group, ReplicationExperimental group, Control group, Replication 5.Results/Interpretation 6.Scientific Theory

Fig. 1.21

I.Scientific Method B.Field Observations vs. Controlled Experiments 1.Field Observations (in situ) Natural settingNatural setting Uncontrolled variablesUncontrolled variables Examples?Examples? 2.Controlled Experiment (usually ex situ) Fewer uncontrolled variablesFewer uncontrolled variables Test one or a few variable(s) at a timeTest one or a few variable(s) at a time Artificial setting (especially ex situ)Artificial setting (especially ex situ)

Fig. 1.22

II.Geography A.World Ocean 1.Made up of multiple ocean basins Covers 71% of earth’s surfaceCovers 71% of earth’s surface N. Hemisphere - 61% oceanN. Hemisphere - 61% ocean S. Hemisphere - 80% oceanS. Hemisphere - 80% ocean Continuous environment, with few barriers to movement - unlike land Some barriers in the marine environment isolate organisms or groups of organisms from each other 2.Four major ocean basins Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, ArcticPacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic 3.Smaller marginal seas Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of MexicoCaribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico

Fig. 2.1

II.Geography 4.Pacific Ocean Largest (50%) and deepest basin - shrinkingLargest (50%) and deepest basin - shrinking Many islands, seamounts, atollsMany islands, seamounts, atolls 5.Atlantic Ocean Second largest basin - expandingSecond largest basin - expanding Best studied, especially North AtlanticBest studied, especially North Atlantic Close to European seagoing nationsClose to European seagoing nations 6.Indian Ocean Not well studied (e.g. coelacanth)Not well studied (e.g. coelacanth) 7.Arctic Ocean ShallowShallow Low salinity (river inputs)Low salinity (river inputs) Ice cover (rotates with earth but slower)Ice cover (rotates with earth but slower)

II.Geography 8.Southern Ocean Only ocean that forms continuous circle around earthOnly ocean that forms continuous circle around earth Produces worst weather on earthProduces worst weather on earth Extreme seasonal variabilityExtreme seasonal variability 9.Marginal Seas a.Atlantic North Sea, Baltic Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Hudson BayNorth Sea, Baltic Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Hudson Bay b.Pacific Bering Sea, Sea of Cortez, Gulf of Alaska, Sea of JapanBering Sea, Sea of Cortez, Gulf of Alaska, Sea of Japan c.Indian Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Persian GulfArabian Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf d.Southern Ross Sea, Weddell SeaRoss Sea, Weddell Sea

Fig. 2.2

III.Geology A.Internal Structure of Earth 1.Core Composed mostly of iron and iron alloysComposed mostly of iron and iron alloys Estimated temperature of > 4000 o C Solid inner core, liquid outer core - magnetic field 2.Mantle Solid, very hot, flows but slowlySolid, very hot, flows but slowly 3.Crust - Why does crust float on mantle? Solid, thinSolid, thin

Fig. 2.3

III.Geology B.Plate Tectonics 1.Continental Drift Apparent fit of continents ( Sir Francis Bacon)Apparent fit of continents ( Sir Francis Bacon) Similar geological formations on opposite sides of ocean basins Related species and similar fossils on opposite sides of ocean basins Alfred Wegener proposed theory of continental drift but lacked mechanism Concrete evidence for continental drift not obtained until 1960s

Fig. 2.4

III.Geology B.Plate Tectonics 2.Mid-Ocean Ridge System Discovered from sea floor mapping with SONAR during and after World War IIDiscovered from sea floor mapping with SONAR during and after World War II Largest geological feature on EarthLargest geological feature on Earth Ridges displaced in some areas by transform faultsRidges displaced in some areas by transform faults 3.Trenches Conspicuous sea floor featuresConspicuous sea floor features Especially common in the Pacific OceanEspecially common in the Pacific Ocean