© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 Technology in Action

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2 Technology in Action Chapter 9 Behind the Scenes: A Closer Look a System Hardware

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3 Chapter Topics Computer switchesComputer switches Binary number systemBinary number system Inside the CPUInside the CPU Cache memoryCache memory Types of RAMTypes of RAM Computer busesComputer buses Creating faster CPUsCreating faster CPUs

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 4 Binary Language Computers work in binary languageComputers work in binary language Consists of two numbers: 0 and 1Consists of two numbers: 0 and 1 Everything a computer does is broken down into a series of 0s and 1sEverything a computer does is broken down into a series of 0s and 1s Switches: Devices inside the computer that can be flipped between these two states: 1 or 0, on or offSwitches: Devices inside the computer that can be flipped between these two states: 1 or 0, on or off

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 5 Switches Non-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuitsNon-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuits Types of electronic switches:Types of electronic switches: –Vacuum tubes –Transistors: SemiconductorsSemiconductors –Integrated circuits Vacuum Tube Transistors Integrated Circuits

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6 The on/off state of a switch represents one bit of dataThe on/off state of a switch represents one bit of data Bit (binary digit)Bit (binary digit) –On = 1 –Off = 0 OFF 0 Switches Representing Data ON 1 01 OR = 1 bit

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 7 The Binary Number System Describes a number as powers of 2Describes a number as powers of 2 Also referred to as base 2 numbering systemAlso referred to as base 2 numbering system Used to represent every piece of data stored in a computer: all of the numbers, letters, and instructionsUsed to represent every piece of data stored in a computer: all of the numbers, letters, and instructions

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8 The Binary Number System Number systems are organized ways to represent numbersNumber systems are organized ways to represent numbers Each number in one system has a corresponding number in another.Each number in one system has a corresponding number in another = 89 Binary Base x x x x8 82x4 42x2 22x1 1 Binary Base = 89

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 9 Representing Letters and Symbols American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) –8 bits = 1 byte = alphanumeric character or symbol –256 different combinations UnicodeUnicode –16 bits equal 1 byte –65,000 different combinations, used for all languages = a = A = # = m ASCII

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 10 ASCII Chart

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 11 The CPU: Processing Digital Information CPU is the brains of the computerCPU is the brains of the computer Different types of CPUsDifferent types of CPUs –Intel and AMD chips: Used in most Windows-based PCs –Apple systems use different CPU design Differentiating CPUsDifferentiating CPUs –Processing power –Clock speed and cache

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 12 Processors on the Market Today ProcessorManufacturer# of Transistors Typical Clock Speed Levels of Cache Storage Notes Athlon XPAMD54.3 million2.2 GHz2AMD processor that competes against the Pentium 4 Athlon 64 FX AMD106 million2.6 GHz264 bit processor for heavy computation and demanding video gaming needs CentrinoIntel77 million2.1 GHz2Designed specifically for mobile computer: has built-in wireless local network capabilities Itanium 2Intel410 million1.6 GHz3Seen in high-end server computers Pentium 4 Extreme Edition Intel169 million3.7 GHz3The latest version of the Pentium chip. It uses dual cores and hyperthreading to process four tasks at once. Pentium 4 Processor Intel55 million2.6 GHz2The M is for mobile. The chip uses less power so it can run longer on a battery charge. PowerPC G4Motorola57 million1.3 GHz3The only processor that, until 2006, powered the Apple line of computers. (iMac, PowerBooks, and so on) PowerPC G5IBM58 million2.5 GHz2Powerful 64-bit processor for heavy computational needs

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 13 The CPU Machine Cycle FetchFetch –The program’s binary code is “fetched” from its temporary location in RAM and moved to the CPU DecodeDecode –The program’s binary code is decoded into commands the CPU understands. ExecuteExecute –The ALU performs the calculations. StoreStore –The results are stored in the registers “Inside the Chip” by Intel Video Clip

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 14 The System Clock Located on the motherboardLocated on the motherboard Controls the CPU’s processing cyclesControls the CPU’s processing cycles Clock cycleClock cycle –Pulse or tick Clock speedClock speed –Number of pulses per second –Measured in hertz (Hz)

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 15 The Control Unit Manages the switches inside the CPUManages the switches inside the CPU Is programmed by CPU designers to remember the sequence of processing stages for that CPUIs programmed by CPU designers to remember the sequence of processing stages for that CPU Moves each switch to its correct setting (on or off) and then performs the work of that stageMoves each switch to its correct setting (on or off) and then performs the work of that stage

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 16 The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Part of the CPU designed to perform mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.)Part of the CPU designed to perform mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.) Also performs logical OR, AND, and NOT operationsAlso performs logical OR, AND, and NOT operations Is fed data from the CPU registersIs fed data from the CPU registers –Word size: Number of bits a computer can work with at a time

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 17 Cache Memory Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near itSmall amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it Stores recent or frequently used instructions and dataStores recent or frequently used instructions and data Used for quick access by the CPUUsed for quick access by the CPU Different levels of cacheDifferent levels of cache

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 18 RAM: The Next Level of Temporary Storage Volatile: When you turn off your computer, the data is erasedVolatile: When you turn off your computer, the data is erased Several kinds of RAM existSeveral kinds of RAM exist Each type of RAM has a different designEach type of RAM has a different design –Some types work at much faster speeds –Some transfer data more quickly

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 19 Types of RAM: DRAM Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Dynamic RAM (DRAM) –Cheapest and most basic type of RAM –Loses its electrical charge –Needs to be refreshed –Many types of DRAM SDRAM: Synchronous DRAMSDRAM: Synchronous DRAM DDR SDRAM: Double data rate SDRAMDDR SDRAM: Double data rate SDRAM

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 20 Types of RAM: SRAM Static RAM (SRAM)Static RAM (SRAM) –Does not lose its electrical charge –Faster than DRAM –More expensive than DRAM –Used only in locations like cache memory

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 21 BusBus –Electrical pathway used to move data between components –Local bus: Connects the CPU with the memory –Expansion bus: Connects the CPU with peripheral devices Buses: The CPU’s Data Highway

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 22 Bus Performance Bus clock speedBus clock speed –Rate of speed data moves from one location to another –Measured in Mhz (millions of clock cycles per second) Bus widthBus width –The number of bits of data moved on a bus at any one time –Measured in bits 16 bits16 bits 32 bits32 bits

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 23 Types of Expansion Buses ISA and EISAISA and EISA –Found on older computers –Connects mouse, modem, and sound card PCIPCI –Faster than ISA and EISA –Found on modern computers –Connects network, modem, and sound cards AGPAGP –Used for three-dimensional graphics –Connects the graphics card and memory

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 24 Moore’s Law Number of transistors on a CPU will double every 18 monthsNumber of transistors on a CPU will double every 18 months First chip had 29,000 transistorsFirst chip had 29,000 transistors Pentium chip 169,000,000 transistorsPentium chip 169,000,000 transistors Moore’s Law has been accurate for 25 yearsMoore’s Law has been accurate for 25 years

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 25 Making Computers Faster Pipelining: The CPU processes more than one instruction at a timePipelining: The CPU processes more than one instruction at a time FetchDecodeExecuteStore FetchDecodeExecuteStore Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Non-pipelined CPU FetchDecodeExecuteStore FetchDecodeExecuteStore FetchDecodeExecuteStore FetchDecodeExecuteStore Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 Pipelined CPU

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 26 Making Computers Faster Dual processingDual processing –Two CPUs on the same system –Each processor shares the workload Parallel processingParallel processing –Network of computers –Each computer works on a portion of the problem simultaneously Dual processors

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 27 Chapter 9 Summary Questions What is a switch and how does it work in a computer?What is a switch and how does it work in a computer?

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 28 Chapter 9 Summary Questions What is the binary number system and what role does it play in computer system?What is the binary number system and what role does it play in computer system?

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 29 Chapter 9 Summary Questions What is inside the CPU and how do these components operate?What is inside the CPU and how do these components operate?

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 30 Chapter 9 Summary Questions How does a CPU process data and instructions?How does a CPU process data and instructions?

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 31 Chapter 9 Summary Questions What is cache memory?What is cache memory?

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 32 Chapter 9 Summary Questions What types of RAM are there?What types of RAM are there?

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 33 Chapter 9 Summary Questions What is a bus and how does it function in a computer system?What is a bus and how does it function in a computer system?

© 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 34 Chapter 9 Summary Questions How do manufacturers make CPUs so that they run faster?How do manufacturers make CPUs so that they run faster?