Slide 1 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 4 A Topical Approach to John W. Santrock Health

Slide 2 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Health Health, Illness, and Diseases Nutrition and Eating Behavior Exercise Substance Use and Addiction

Slide 3 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Bio-Psycho-Social Health Model New model that health is best understood in terms of: –Biological Factors –Psychological Factors –Social Factors Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 4 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Children's Health Prevention –Shift toward prevention and outpatient care –Children’s motor, cognitive, and socioemotional development makes health care needs unique Poverty is a special concern –Approximately 11 million preschool children in U.s. malnourished Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 5 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Recommended Immunization Schedule of Normal Infants and Children Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 6 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescents' Health A Critical Juncture in Health –Many factors linked to poor health habits and early death in adult years begin during adolescence –Families, peers, schools influence health Health Services –Use private physician services at lower rate than other age groups Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 7 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Young Adults' Health Know how to stay healthy, but don’t apply information to their own lifestyles Many college students have unrealistic, overly optimistic beliefs about future health risks – “personal immunity” Hidden dangers in peaks of performance and health in early adulthood Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 8 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender, Health, and the Health-Care System Women and men experience health and health-care system differently –Males may use health care inadequately Medicine continues to be a male- dominated profession Gender bias affects medical research –Most research conducted with men Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 9 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chronic Disorders Disorders characterized by slow onset and long duration Gender differences –Men have more fatal chronic disorders than women Socioeconomic differences –Poor older adults 3 times more likely than nonpoor to be limited by chronic disorder Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 10 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Increasing Disabilities with Age Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 11 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Osteoporosis Disorder of aging that involves extensive loss of bone tissue –Main reason many older adults walk with marked stoop Gender differences - 80% of cases women –2/3 of women over age 60 Diet and exercise can help –Calcium, weight lifting Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 12 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Alzheimer's Disease Progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, eventually, physical function –Causes not fully identified –Decreased levels of acetylcholine –Neural tangles and plaques Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 13 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Robust Oldest Old A substantial subgroup of oldest old are robust and active –Less than 60% have a disability –Health care and medical treatment can improve functioning Researchers have focused more on declines in old age, rather than on health. Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 14 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Nursing Homes Probability of living in nursing home increases with age Quality varies enormously –1/3 are seriously deficient, cause for national concern Patients with more control over daily decisions have greater life satisfaction and health. Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 15 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Percentage of U.S. Older Adults in Nursing Homes Health, Illness, and Disease

Slide 16 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Breastfeeding Versus Bottle Feeding Breastfeeding recommended –Denser bones –Lower incidence of SIDS –Neurological and cognitive development –Visual Acuity –Appropriate weight gain –Fewer allergies –Reduction of infections –Reduced childhood cancer Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 17 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. U.S. Breastfeeding Trends

Slide 18 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Malnutrition in Infancy Marasmus—wasting away of body tissues in infant’s first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency Kwashiorkor—deficiency in protein; child’s abdomen and feet become swollen with water Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 19 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Nutrition in Childhood Most children’s diets are poor or need improvement –Eating away from home, high fat foods Good diet can have long-term effects Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 20 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Childhood Obesity Consequences of Obesity –Increases child’s risk of developing many medical and psychological problems Treatment of Obesity: 3-prong approach –Diet –Exercise –Behavior modification Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 21 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Relation of Being Overweight in Childhood and Adulthood Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 22 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Increase in Overweight U.S. Adolescents Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 23 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnicity and Overweight in U.S. Adolescents Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 24 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Eating disorders Anorexia Nervosa—relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation Bulimia Nervosa—individual consistently follows a binge-purge eating pattern Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 25 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Eating Behavior in Adulthood Obesity Dieting –Restrained eating—individuals who chronically restrict food intake to control their weight –Most effective programs include exercise –Weight cycling—”yo-yo dieting” Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 26 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Questions About Aging and Nutrition Food Restriction and Longevity –Food-restricted animals live longer, healthier lives –Human studies yet to come The Vitamin-and-Aging Controversy –Antioxidant supplements may counteract cell damage from free radicals –Diet is best source Nutrition and Eating Behavior

Slide 27 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Fitness and Mortality Exercise

Slide 28 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Exercise and Aging Exercise benefits: –Minimize physiological changes –Optimize body composition –Prevent common chronic diseases –Linked to increased longevity –Adults should exercise 30 minutes at least every other day. –Children and adolescents should get some physical exercise daily. Exercise

Slide 29 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Addiction Pattern of behavior characterized by overwhelming involvement with using a drug and securing its supply Disease model—biologically based, lifelong disease that involve loss of control over behavior; require medical and/or spiritual treatment Life-process model—habitual response and source of gratification and security; can only be understood in context of social relationships and experiences Substance Use and Addiction

Slide 30 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Trends in U.S. Adolescent Drug Use Substance Use and Addiction

Slide 31 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Drinking and Smoking in Adolescence Drinking has declined, but rates still high –20% of 8th graders, 48% of h.s. seniors drank in past 30 days –Binge drinking Smoking has declined heavily –Prices, anti-tobacco ads, social disapproval * Best prevention: a positive relationship between parents and children Substance Use and Addiction

Slide 32 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Binge Drinking in Adolescence and Early Adulthood Substance Use and Addiction

Slide 33 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Age and Binge Drinking Substance Use and Addiction

Slide 34 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Substance Abuse in Older Adults Alcohol Use Declines –Majority 65 and over abstain completely “Invisible Epidemic” of illicit and prescription drug abuse –Multiple medications –Mixing medicines with alcohol –Consequences may be attributed to other medical conditions Substance Use and Addiction