Announcements Reading Assignments –BSCI363: Chapters 4 and 5 –CONS670: Chapters 8 and 15

Tragedy of the Commons

The Value of Ecosystem Services Ecosystem ServiceValue ( Billions) Gas Regulation1,341 Climate Regulation684 Disturbance Regulation1,779 Water Regulation1,115 Water Supply1,692 Erosion Control576 Soil Formation53 Nutrient Cycling17,075 Waste Treatment2,277 Pollination117 Biological Control417 Refugia124 Food1,386 Raw Materials721 Genetic Resources79 Recreation815 Cultural3,015 TOTAL33,268 Costanza, R et al The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:

Deforestation of the Seafloor The area of seabed trawled worldwide is ~ 150 times greater than the area of forest clearcut each year (an area twice the size of the lower 48 United States). Although some spots escape trawling by chance or because they don't have fish, each square foot of the world's continental shelves is trawled every ~ 2 years Watling et al Disturbance of the seabed by mobile fishing gear: a comparison with forest clearcutting. Cons. Biol

Marine Reserves Based on a review of more than 100 marine reserves –population densities were on average 91% higher –biomass was 192% higher –average organism size was 31% higher –species diversity was 23% higher Responses tended to be rapid (1-2 years after protection) and persistent (> 40 years). The Scientific Theory of Marine Reserves. AAAS Session: Science and the Biosphere, 2001.

Marine Reserves Reserves may contribute to recruitment both inside and outside of reserve boundaries Fisheries interests should benefit from this spillover, recruitment enhancement, and sustainable harvest. The Scientific Theory of Marine Reserves. AAAS Session: Science and the Biosphere, 2001.

Outline Ecosystem Ecology –Biodiversity and ecosystem services –Ecosystem services –The economic value of ecosystem services Biodiversity Management –Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography –Modern Approaches

Habitat Fragmentation

Species Area Curves S = CA Z (log S) = Z (log A) + (log C) From: Gotelli, N. J A primer of ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc p.

Equilibrium Theory of Biogeography Species richness on islands or habitat patches is a balance between colonization and extinction

Colonization Dynamics # Island Species Colonization Island spp., “S” P Mainland pool of spp., “P” C declines to 0 where # island species = P (no more colonists available)

Extinction Dynamics # Island Species Extinction Island spp., “S” P Mainland pool of spp., “P” E is proportional to the total number of species. E reaches its maximum value at P

Turnover Dynamics and Island Spp. Richness Extinction Colonization # Island Species Turnover (i.e., E or C) P S T T = point where extinction rate = colonization rate. T determines the species richness for an island (S).

Nonlinear E and C C E # Island Species Turnover (i.e., E or C) P S T E C # Island Species Turnover (i.e., E or C) P S T Pattern and conclusions are identical for linear and nonlinear E and C

Review: Metapopulation Models E decreases as patch size (area) increases. C increases as distance between patches decreases.

ESES Colonization Turnover (i.e., E or C) P ELEL S SLSL # Island Species Area Effect S SLSL P

Distance Effect Extinction CNCN # Island Species Turnover (i.e., E or C) P SNSN SFSF CFCF SNSN P SFSF

Number of Species on an Island CNCN Turnover (i.e., E or C) P S NS S FL S FS CFCF ESES ELEL S NL # Island Species S NL P S FN S NS S FS

Application of Island Biogeography The good, the bad, and the ugly...

Distance and Species Richness From: Gotelli, N. J A primer of ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc p.

Contributions of ETIB Metaphor of refuge as an island or spaceship Interest in the fragility of the biota of individual refuges and causes of this fragility Rules of refuge design? Hanski, I. A., and G. M.E., editors Metapopulation biology: ecology, genetics, and evolution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 512 p.

“Island Biogeographic” Reserve Rules: IUCN, WWF ? ? Good: Make reserve as large as possible Bad: Scaling is species / process specific Ugly: Abandon small reserves Good: True for spp. w/ large range req. Bad: False for spp. w/ small range req. Ugly: Not based on ETIB Good: True for “interior” spp. Bad: False for “edge” spp. Ugly: Not based on ETIB Good: Potentially increase connectivity Bad: Effectiveness remains unclear Ugly: Increase synchrony of populations ?

Fundamental Problems w/ ETIB? Area (Samples) Species Alternative explanations for species-area relationship –Sampling –Habitat diversity How do we define TURNOVER?

ETIB and Forest Reserves Pimm, S. L Ecology: The forest fragment classic. Nature 393:23-24.

ETIB and Forest Reserves Spp. lost in small fragments –Top predators –Primates –Army ants and company What about frogs? –Limited by breeding sites –Peccaries

Reserve Rules vs. Reality Reserve design will be species specific. Reserve design will be site specific. The idea of “optimal” reserve design may miss the point entirely. –We are rarely faced with these alternatives. ETIB is considered by many to be a “false start” in Conservation Biology

Application of ETIB Application of ETIB to reserve design has been widely criticized “Faunal collapse” refers to the loss of species following insularization. –Broadly accepted –Basis for many estimates of extinction rates –Caveats Considerable error when used for prediction

Extinctions of large mammals in parks and reserves Newmark, W. D Extinction of mammal populations in western North American national parks. Conservation Biology 5:

Application of ETIB McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6:

Application of ETIB McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6:

Application of ETIB McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6:

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