Mutation The principal evolutionary mechanism in bacteria. For all organisms: the only source of new genetic information. Mutation: any heritable change.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS

Advertisements

Chapter 13.3 (Pgs ): Mutations

Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations

 4.1.1: State that eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins  4.1.2: Define gene, allele and genome  4.1.3: Define gene mutations  4.1.4:

IB Assessment State State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.

Biological Anthropology

Chapter 2 Biology and Evolution. Heredity  The transmission of physical (biological) characteristics from parent to offspring.

One-locus diploid model Goals: Predict the outcome of selection: when will it result in fixation, when in polymorphism Understand the effect of dominance.

Population genetics genetic structure of a population.

For example: Sickle Cell Anemia and Evolution Your name.

Population genetics is all about gene frequencies Evolution = a change in gene frequencies No change = genetic equilibrium = absence of evolution.

HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS Chapter 4, Lesson 2. Causes of Genetic Disorders  Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in the DNA genes.  Other disorders.

6-2 Human Genetic Disorders

3.1 Genes Understanding: -A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic -A gene occupies a specific.

Evolution of Populations

Sickle Cell Anemia. P. falciparum – Blood stages Uninfected RBC 2 hr. 4 hr. 12 hr.

Human Genetic Diseases

Chromosomes, genes, alleles, and mutation Topic 4.1.

Section 12.3 Complex Inheritance of Human Traits

MRS. MACWILLIAMS ACADEMIC BIOLOGY

Mistakes Happen DNA is the genetic material of living organisms and is located in the chromosomes of each cell. What happens if a mistake is made when.

EVOLUTION Other Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change.

AP Biology Measuring Evolution of Populations.

Chapter 22 Measuring Evolution of Populations Populations & Gene Pools  Concepts  a population is a localized group of interbreeding individuals 

Cell Biology: Protein Synthesis Lesson 2 – Mutations( Inquiry into Life pg )

DNA, Proteins, and Ways We Are Different Biological Anthropology.

AP Biology Measuring Evolution of Populations.

Measuring Evolution of Populations

Measuring Evolution within Populations

Human Genetic Disorders

CHANGES IN DNA CAN PRODUCE VARIATIONS

AP Biology Application of H-W principle  Sickle cell anemia  inherit a mutation in gene coding for hemoglobin  oxygen-carrying blood protein  recessive.

Genetic Disorders Genetic Mutations Because DNA controls characteristics of a cell it must be copied before a cell reproduces Sometimes mistakes occur.

Mutations Chapter Types of Mutations The sequence of bases in DNA are like the letters of a coded message or even the letters of a simple alphabet.

Population Genetics. The Gene Pool Members of a species can interbreed & produce fertile offspring Species have a shared gene pool Gene pool – all of.

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. CODOMINANCE Codominance means both alleles are expressed equally Sickle Cell Disease is caused by a Codominant allele –Affects 1 out.

Variation What is variation? Variation Lab – Day 1 Variation Lab – Day 2 How does variation arise?

Sickle Cell Anemia Introduction Hereditary disease Hereditary disease Blood disorder Blood disorder Mutation in the Hemoglobin Beta Gene Mutation in.

GENETIC MUTATIONS What is this picture depicting?.

Pedigrees and Sickle-cell Anemia. Why use Pedigrees? Punnett squares work well for organisms that have large numbers of offspring and controlled matings,

MS-LS 3-1. I will explain how mutations can effect organisms in positive, negative, and neutral ways.

DNA and Mutations. What is DNA? DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is found in all living things. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Warm-Up (2/4) On the piece of white paper from the back, answer the following question. Name Date Period Describe an example of a mutation which is beneficial.

Measuring Evolution of Populations

Measuring Evolution of Populations

4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations

Genetics Topic3.

CODOMINANCE Some genes have alleles that are both expressed in the heterozygote individuals © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS.

Mutations 9 Biology.

CHROMOSOMES, ALLELES, GENES & MUTATIONS

Modes of Natural Selection

Mutations 7.L.4A.5 Construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims for how changes in genes (mutations) may have beneficial, harmful,

Genetics Primer to Evolution

7.L.4A.5 Construct scientific arguments using evidence to support claims for how changes in genes (mutations) may have beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Types of point mutations

The DNA Code How does DNA affect living things?

Mutations Chapter 9.

Human Genetic Disorders

Continuous and discontinuous variation Genes in population

Answer in writing: what is DNA? Where is yours?

What has happened? Substitution mutation

1. You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the.

5 Agents of evolutionary change

Mutations and sickle cell anemia

Measuring Evolution of Populations

Chromosomes, genes, alleles, and mutations.

Mutations: Changes in Genes

Presentation transcript:

Mutation The principal evolutionary mechanism in bacteria. For all organisms: the only source of new genetic information. Mutation: any heritable change in the structure or amount of genetic material. Different levels of mutation DNA: mistakes made during DNA replication Spontaneous (random) Only mutations occurring during meiosis can affect the next generation.

Effects of a mutation Depends on how it affects the functioning of the protein. Is a mutation harmful or beneficial? Determined by the environment.

Hemoglobin: 2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains Gene for the alpha chain in chromosome 16 Gene for the beta chain in chromosome 11

Natural Selection in Humans: Alternative hemoglobins and malaria Hemoglobin A considered normal Hb A /Hb A Hemoglobin S is an alternative form Hb S /Hb S Phenotype: Sickle-cell anemia—destruction of red blood cells. fatal without medical intervention. Hb A /Hb S Phenotype: Sickle cell trait Debilitating only in situations of low oxygen availability

Frequency of Hb S allele Frequency of malaria Estimated malarial cases: :243,000,000 Estimated malarial deaths: :863,000

Base substitution Hemoglobin molecules stack when O 2 is low Cells deform Beta-chain Affected 146 aa 6 th aa from end of beta chain

Heterozygotic individuals (Hb A /Hb S ) do not experience sickle cell anemia. The environment of the rbc with Hb A /Hb S is not conducive to survival of the malaria parasite. Without medical intervention, natural selection operates against two groups: – 1. Hb A /Hb A : individuals die from malaria. – 2. Hb S /Hb S : individuals die from sickle cell anemia. – Hb A /Hb S is favored, therefore can the Hb S allele be eliminated?