CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory C yLab U sable P rivacy and S ecurity Laboratory Statistical Analysis of Phished Users, Intercepted by the APWG/CMU Phishing Education Landing Page Jason Hong, PhD Carnegie Mellon University Wombat Security Technologies May 2010

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 2 User Education is Challenging  Users are not motivated to learn about security  Security is a secondary task  Difficult to teach people to make right online trust decision without increasing false positives “User education is a complete waste of time. It is about as much use as nailing jelly to a wall…. They are not interested…they just want to do their job.” Martin Overton, IBM security specialist

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 3 But Actually, Users Are Trainable  Our research demonstrates that users can learn techniques to protect themselves from phishing… if you can get them to pay attention to training P. Kumaraguru, S. Sheng, A. Acquisti, L. Cranor, and J. Hong. Teaching Johnny Not to Fall for Phish. CyLab Technical Report CMUCyLab07003, 2007.

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 4 How Do We Get People Trained?  Solution – Find “teachable moments”: PhishGuru – Make training fun: AntiPhishing Phil, AntiPhishing Phyllis – Use learning science principles

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 5 PhishGuru Embedded Training  Send s that look like a phishing attack  If recipient falls for it, show intervention that teaches what cues to look for in succinct and engaging format  Multiple user studies have demonstrated that this is effective  Delivering same training via direct is not effective!

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CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 9 APWG Landing Page  Taking the “teachable moment” concept one step further  Provide education (instead of 404) when users click on real phishing links and arrive at real phishing sites that have been taken down P. Kumaraguru, L. Cranor, and L. Mather. AntiPhishing Landing Page: Turning a 404 into a Teachable Moment for End Users. CEAS

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 10 How the Landing Page Works  Brand owner or phish site takedown provider identifies phish site  ISP or registrar is asked to redirect disabled phish site to APWG redirect page  Consumer receives phishing and clicks  Consumer is shown APWG education message instead of 404 page – Page available in many languages – Automatic redirect to appropriate language based on browser language code to happen soon

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 11 APWG Landing Page

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 12 Landing Page Data Collection  APWG server logs all requests to landing page – Time stamp – IP address (to determine country) – Language (will redirect to page in user’s language)  We’ve asked sites to embed info in redirect URL to track how people end up on landing page – Original URL taken down – Brand code (optional)  CMU CUPS Lab and Wombat Security Technologies have been analyzing the data

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 13 Lots of noisy data!  20 months of data (Sept 2008-April 2010)  840K hits on 15,000 unique redirected URLs  But this data contains lots of noise – Brand monitors checking up on sites to make sure they stay down – Random web crawlers – People testing landing page – Incorrectly redirected sites  We used heuristics to filter out most of the noise

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 14 Filtering Out the Noise  We filtered the data set by removing: – Hits that don’t identify the original phishing site (brand) – Hits that seem to be for testing only URLs appearing only once IPs that hit multiple URLs per day IPs that hit same URL for more than a month – Hits from bots (e.g., specific IPs, 'bot', 'plurk', etc) – Hits from wonderdogsoftware (server misconfiguration that linked to homepage)  Filtering not perfect – Some noise remains – Improperly redirected sites don’t get counted

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 15 Filtered Data  201,084 hits – estimate of actual would-be phishing victims visiting landing page over 20 month period  1285 unique URLs redirected – Note that this is URLs, not domains  Number of hits per URL varies a lot – URL with most hits after filtering had 17,911 hits – Monthly mean hits per URL typically – Monthly median hits per URL 2-7

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CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 17 Analysis of Time  Monitoring time period of each observed URL may give us insights into length of phishing campaigns  Time observed for each URL is number of days between first observation and last observation  Limitations – Our first observation is time when site was redirected; we don’t know how long it was live before being redirected – Some URLs are observed across month boundaries – Once browsers start blocking URL we may not have hits – Some redirects are removed after a period of time

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CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 19 April 2010 Top 20 countries hit landing page  United States 11,159  Canada 3,819  United Kingdom 1,790  Netherlands 725  Germany 650  Spain 600  France 470  Japan 452  Australia 449  India 417  Singapore 292  Mexico 238  Egypt 212  NA 184  Russian Federation 184  Austria 174  Sweden 145  China 137  Brazil 126  Norway 101

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 20 Analysis of Brands  7 brands have requested brand codes  Only 2 have shown up in logs  April 2010 brand data – Brand 1 Total Hits: 2715 Total unique URLs: 52 – Brand 2 Total Hits: 370 Total unique URLs: 3  We supplied each brand with a report showing list of their URLs and number of hits for each

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 21 Ongoing Work  Will soon be posting monthly reports at  Redirecting landing page automatically to show correct language (soon)  Encouraging more brands to redirect to landing page – If you sign up for a brand code we can provide you with monthly brand reports –  Continuing to automate log processing, report generation, report distribution

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 22 For more information  Learn how to participate in the initiative:  View the landing page:

C yLab U sable P rivacy and S ecurity Laboratory

CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory 24 Other countries that sometimes make top 20  Italy  Romania  Czech Republic  Finland  Ireland  India  EU  Turkey  Belgium  Switzerland  Colombia  Israel  Morocco  Saudi Arabia  Argentina  Indonesia  Thailand  Tunisia  Poland  Greece  Korea  Chile  Pakistan