World War II Outline 5 Failures of Collective Security Course of the War The Homefront Axis-Occupied Europe Allied Experiences Resistance? War’s End Terms Spanish Civil War General Francisco Franco Anschluß Sudetenland Munich Conference Nazi-Soviet Pact Operation Barbarossa Blitzkrieg Vichy France Charles de Gaulle Internment Displaced Persons

Five Failures of Collective Security 1. Japanese takeover Manchuria (1931) 2. Italy moves vs. Ethiopia (1935) League sets up sanctions Sanctions ineffective 3. Remilitarizing the Rhineland (1936) 4. The Spanish Civil War ( ) Spanish Popular Front Falangists (General Franco) Sacrifice of Czechoslovakia (1938) Sacrifice of Czechoslovakia (1938) Munich Conference Chamberlain’s “Scrap of Paper”

Hitler and Mussolini in 1937

Appeasement (1938) What was the appeal of appeasement? What was the appeal of appeasement? The Austrian “Anschluß” (March 1938) The Austrian “Anschluß” (March 1938) The Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia The Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia –British PM Neville Chamberlain’s shuttle diplomacy: Munich Conference –Belief that grievances of the Sudetan Germans were real and that aims were limited Three Effects Three Effects –Whetted Hitler’s appetite and confidence –Changed French and British public opinion –Led to Nazi-Soviet (Non-Aggresion) Pact (August 1939)

Neville Chamberlain, British PM Fancisco Franco, Spanish Caudillo

Key Moments to 1943 September 1939: Germany invades Poland September 1939: Germany invades Poland Spring 1940: Germany overruns France, touching off “Relief of Dunkirk” Spring 1940: Germany overruns France, touching off “Relief of Dunkirk” –Hitler allows some British and French troops to escape August-September 1940: The Battle of Britain August-September 1940: The Battle of Britain –Damaged myth of German invincibility Spring 1941: Italians hit Albania & Greece, cause delay in German Operation Barbarossa Spring 1941: Italians hit Albania & Greece, cause delay in German Operation Barbarossa June 1941: Germans invade USSR; bog down after nearly 1,000-mile advance June 1941: Germans invade USSR; bog down after nearly 1,000-mile advance –“Great Patriotic War” & “The Battle of the Machines” December 1941: Japan attacks USA December 1941: Japan attacks USA

Germany at war

War in Asia 7 December 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; Axis powers declare war on US 7 December 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; Axis powers declare war on US 8 December 1941: US declares war on Japan and Axis powers 8 December 1941: US declares war on Japan and Axis powers Japanese argued that it was war of liberation from European colonialism Japanese argued that it was war of liberation from European colonialism –Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere By early 1942: Japan secured much of China, South and Southeast Asia By early 1942: Japan secured much of China, South and Southeast Asia After Battle of Midway (west of Hawaiian islands) from May to June 1942: War begins to turn against Japanese After Battle of Midway (west of Hawaiian islands) from May to June 1942: War begins to turn against Japanese Island Hopping: Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Tarawa, Iwo Jima, Okinawa Island Hopping: Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Tarawa, Iwo Jima, Okinawa August 1945: Hiroshima & Nagasaki (vs. the invasion of Japan) August 1945: Hiroshima & Nagasaki (vs. the invasion of Japan)

War in the Pacific, Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

Emperor Hirohito Admiral Yamamoto, planner of Pearl Harbor attack

Axis-Occupied Europe Within Germany, Nazis try to keep impression of “normality” Within Germany, Nazis try to keep impression of “normality” Range of relationships to Germany & Germans Range of relationships to Germany & Germans –Racial ideas enforced, somewhat selectively –Forced labor –Plunder Daily life for those occupied Daily life for those occupied Resistance: The Free French & Charles de Gaulle Resistance: The Free French & Charles de Gaulle The example of Vichy France The example of Vichy France –Marshal Petain –Admiral Darland and the Milice –Post-liberation treatment of collaborators

Joy of Victory, Bitterness of Defeat

French Rivals Philippe Petain Charles de Gaulle

The Great Patriotic War in USSR Massive deaths, including million civilians Massive deaths, including million civilians Sieges of Stalingrad and Leningrad Sieges of Stalingrad and Leningrad Home defenses Home defenses “Battle of the Machines”: moving factories eastward “Battle of the Machines”: moving factories eastward –Exit Moscow, Oct = 500+ factories dismantled & moved –Aircraft production up 40% in ’42-’43 –2,000 tanks per month in 1943 Bitterness toward Germans Bitterness toward Germans –Commisar order –Babi Yar

Images of Defeat

War’s End(s) Soviets push from the east, while British, Americans & (some) French come from south and west Soviets push from the east, while British, Americans & (some) French come from south and west Hitler commits suicide in Berlin, 1 May 1945 Hitler commits suicide in Berlin, 1 May May 1945: War in Europe ends with allies divided over future 8 May 1945: War in Europe ends with allies divided over future War in Asia lasts into August War in Asia lasts into August The Bomb: Hiroshima (6 August 1945) & Nagasaki (9 August 1945) The Bomb: Hiroshima (6 August 1945) & Nagasaki (9 August 1945) –Justified or not?

Negotiating a Settlement Alliance a marriage of convenience Alliance a marriage of convenience Series of meetings, beginning in 1941 with establishment of Atlantic Charter Series of meetings, beginning in 1941 with establishment of Atlantic Charter –Policy of Unconditional Surrender Tehran, 1943; Moscow, 1944; Yalta, 1945; Potsdam, 1945 Tehran, 1943; Moscow, 1944; Yalta, 1945; Potsdam, 1945 Common desire: Pacify Germany Common desire: Pacify Germany –Set up Zones of Influence –Reparations, partly by dismantling industrial capacity –Soviets seized factories enthusiastically, but western allies too. Soviet Desire: No further invasions from the west Soviet Desire: No further invasions from the west Cooling in relations by Potsdam, largely because of Soviet actions in East Cooling in relations by Potsdam, largely because of Soviet actions in East