廠商的決策

QUIZ (0302) What explain the slowdown in the labor productivity in the 1970s in US What explains the resurgence of labor productivity since 1995 in US

公司的目標 : 極大化利潤 ? 所有者與經營者 目標不同 資訊不對稱 公司治理 當事代理人理論 ~ 管理經濟學 員工分紅成本

決定產量決策的因素 預期市場價格 p(q1+q2+, … )~ 市場競爭結 構 成本函數 c(q)

市場競爭 完全競爭 : price taker 獨占 : price setter 寡占 : 必須猜測對手產量 同質寡占 異質寡占 : 水平差異, 垂直差異

成本函數 ~ch 7 在即定生產目標下成本極小

生產函數 F(L,K) The maximum quantity of outputs a firm can produce given the quantities of inputs that it might employ 生產管理問題 給定 L,K 如何配置 放對的人在對的部門

Why to consider only L, K?

Fix K, one variable input F(L, K(fixed)) ~short run Technically efficient

FIGURE 6-1 Technical Efficiency and Inefficiency Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-01

勞動邊際產量 邊際報酬遞增 : 專業分工 邊際報酬遞減 總報酬遞減 : 人多手雜

FIGURE 6-2 Total Product Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-02

邊際產量與平均產量

FIGURE 6-3 Average and Marginal Product Functions Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-03

FIGURE 6-4 Relationship Among Total, Average, and Marginal Product Functions Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure (Figure continues on next slide)

FIGURE 6-4 (Continued) Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure continued

兩投入 (L,K) 生產函數 等產量曲線 (ISOQUANT)

FIGURE 6-5 Total Product Hill Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-05

FIGURE 6-6 Isoquants and the Total Product Hill Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-06

FIGURE 6-8 Isoquants for the Production Function in Table 6.3 Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-08

FIGURE 6-9 Economic and Uneconomic Regions of Production Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-09

非經濟區域

等產量曲線的特性 邊際技術替代率 (MRTS) :The rate of which the quantity of capital can be reduced for every one unit increases in the quantity of labor, holding the quantity constant

FIGURE 6-10 Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution of Labor for Capital (MRTS L,K ) Along an Isoquant Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-10

FIGURE 6-11 Input Substitution Opportunities and the Shape of Isoquants Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-11

邊際技術替代率遞減 :MRTS 與 MP 的關係

如何描述比較 不同產業的要素替代程度 ? 不同產業的 MRTS?

替代彈性

FIGURE 6-12 Elasticity of Substitution Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-12

替代彈性的直覺 ?

FIGURE 6-13 Isoquants for Iron and Vehicle Production in Germany Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-13

特殊的生產函數 : 完全替代 完全替代 : 替代彈性 無限大 例子 : 不同電腦儲存 容量

FIGURE 6-14 Isoquants for a Linear Production Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-14

特殊的生產函數 : 完全互補 完全互補 : 替代彈性 =0 例子 : 一部車需一個 引擎, 四個輪子

FIGURE 6-15 Isoquants for a Fixed-Proportions Production Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-15

特殊的生產函數 :Cbb-Douglas Cbb-Douglas 生產函 數

Cobb-Doulgas 的替代彈性

FIGURE 6-16 Isoquants for the Cobb-Douglas Production Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-16

CES 生產函數

FIGURE 6-17 Isoquants for the CES Production Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-17

Quiz 0317 What two factors does the throughput of an oil pipeline of a given length depend on ?

規模報酬 (returns to scale) 所有要素增加對產量 的影響

FIGURE 6-18 Increasing, Constant, and Decreasing Returns to Scale Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-18

Increasing returns to scale

constant returns to scale

decreasing returns to scale

練習

邊報酬遞減與規模報酬遞減

FIGURE 6-19 Diminishing Marginal Returns versus Returns to Scale Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-19

技術進步 一定數量投入生產更多產量 : 學習效果 中性技術進步 : 要素價格不變, 要素投入比不變 勞動節省 (LABOR-SAVING) 型技術進步 : 邊際資本生產力上升, 要素價格不變, 多用資本 資本節省 (CAPITAL-SAVING) 型技術進步 : 邊際勞動生產力上升, 要素價格不變, 多用勞動

FIGURE 6-20 Neutral Technological Progress Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-20

FIGURE 6-21 Labor-Saving Technological Progress Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-21

FIGURE 6-22 Capital-Saving Technological Progress Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-22

技術進步與 MRTS