Compression Techniques Images & Video. Compressing Images ● GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) Codec – employs LZW method for lossless compression ● TIFF.

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Presentation transcript:

Compression Techniques Images & Video

Compressing Images ● GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) Codec – employs LZW method for lossless compression ● TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Codec – lossless syntactic method ● JPEG (Joint Photographics Experts Group) Codec – umbrella term covering several lossy and lossless methods – baseline method is most commonly used one -- lossy method based on a hybrid method

Compression: Coping with Large Files ● Compression is an encoding process that filters the original file in several successive stages

Other Methods for Reducing Demands ● Frame rate adjustment – adjusts for with slower CPUs – helps keep video and audio synchronized ● Lower resolution on individual frames – sometimes used in conjunction with smaller display window

Image Format - TIFF ● Tagged image file format ● bit-mapped images ● Publishing purpose ● Incompatible between PC and MAC -> “jumbled picture” ● Have built-in compression

Image Format - GIF ● Graphics interchanged format ● Suitable for transferring between networks ● “indexed color” -> 256 colours ● GIF stores image using 1 channel (8 bits) ● full-colors (JPEG) = 24 bit RGB color images using 3 bytes data = 8 bit for each channel ● Two types: – transparent GIF (background is rendered invisible by an operation called masking) – interlaced GIF -> transmitted in progressive mode = at first image appears quickly but in a coarse or low resolution, in successive steps, its pixels are replaced by better resolution until the image is displayed at full resolution

Image Format - JPEG ● Joint Photographic Expert Groups ● a set of standard for compression image -> JPEG file ● Popular format using 24-bit, full color images on web ● lossy compression technique--> loss can be controlled -- > not noticeable

JPEG Compression ● Adalah piawai yg digunakan utk pemampatan dan penyahmampatan imej berwarna dan tanpa warna (grayscale)  Digunakan dlm audio-graphical videoconferencing, fax berwarna, imej-imej perubatan dan sebagainya  Idea asas  utk menukarkan satu blok imej dlm domain masa kepada domain frekuensi.

Proses Pemampatan JPEG

 Imej dibahagikan kepada beberapa blok dan setiap blok mengandungi kump. 8 X 8 pixels ● Dari domain spatial, blok di transformasikan kepada domain frekuensi menggunakan FDCT (Forward Discrete Cosine Transform) ● Pemampatan Lossy: Pengkuantitian/Quantization  Jadual Pengkuantitian ● Kemudian pekali 2 dimensi DCT dikuantitikan menggunakan matriks pengkuantiti, dlm kes ini melibatkan matriks 8 X 8

 Selepas proess pengkuantiti selesai, nilai asal imej tidak boleh dikembalikan, dirujuk sbg proses yg ‘lossy’  Pekali DCT yg berfrekuensi tinggi mempunyai nilai yg lebih kecil berbanding dgn yg berfrekuensi rendah  Oleh yang demikian, proses mengkuantiti pekali frekuensi tinggi adalah lebih ‘coarser’/kasar. ● Proses ini menghasilkan beberapa bilangan sifar dlm bahagian frekuensi tinggi pekali 2D DCT. ● Kemudian, pekali-pekali 2D DCT yg telah dikuantitikanakan ditukar kepada matriks 1 dimensi menggunakan Imbas Zig-zag.

● Imbas Zig-zag menghasilkan bilangan-bilangan sifar yg berdekatan antara satu sama lain. ● Pemampatan Lossless: Pengkodan Huffman  Jadual Huffman  Matriks 1D ini kemudian akan dikodkan menggunakan Jadual Pengkodan Huffman  Proses Pengkodan Huffman merupakan proses pemampatan yg lossless’  Akhirnya Penjana Syntak JPEG akan menjana syntax JPEG iaitu Aliran Data Yg Telah Dikod yg boleh difahami oleh proses penyahmampatan JPEG

Penyahmampatan JPEG ● Aliran Data Yg Telah Dikod dgn syntax JPEG dinyahkodkan menggunakan Penyahkod/Decorder Syntak JPEG ● Kemudian proses Penyahkodan Huffman akan dilaksanakan menggunakan Jadual Huffman dan matriks 1D dijana bg setiap blok. ● Imbasan Zig-zag akan menukarkan matriks 1D kepada matriks 2D.

● Proses penyahkuantitian akan menggunakan Jadual Pengkuantitian utk menjana pekali 2D DCT ● Dengan menggunakan Inverse DCT (IDCT ), pekali 2D DCT ditransformasi kembali kPada domain spatial (8 X 8 blok pixels), utk membina semula blok-blok.

DCT ●Imej yg terdiri drp blok-blok ditukar dari domain ruang ke domain frekuensi menggunakan DCT.  Fungsi ini menukar nilai dlm julat 8-bit setiap pixel blok data (8 X 8 pixels) kepada nilaian pekali 2D perwakilan frekuensi  Output proses adalah peta frekuensi yg beri maklumat tentang maklumat dgn frekuensi tinggi atau rendah dlm segmen blok. ●“Smooth and continuous tones” ditandakan dgn frekuensi rendah. ●Perubahan yg tajam dan dgn tiba-tiba / mendadak dlm keterikan pixel ditandakan dgn frekuensi tinggi

Perumpukan Nilaian Spatial Perwakilan Keterikan Warna Dalam Blok Peta Frekuensi Setelah Fungsi DCT Dilasksanakan Ke Atas Blok Laksanakan FDCT

DCT  Maklumat peta frekuensi diperlukan fasa Quantization ● Dalam proses penyahmampatan JPEG, “Inverse DCT” akan menukarkan pekali-pekali yg mewakili imej dlm domain frekuensi kembali kepada nilai-nilai pixels dalam domain spatial

Pengkuantitian ● Berdasarkan kepada matriks pengkuantitian  Tujuan matriks ini adalah utk kuantitikan pekali-pekali hasilan DCT  Di mana setiap kemasukan pekali-pekali DCT dlm peta frekuensi dibahagikan dgn kemasukan nilai kuantiti yg sepadan dari matriks kuantum  Hasil akan dibulatkan kepada nilai integer yg paling hampir.

Matriks Kuantiti / Kuantum (MK) Peta Frekuensi / MK = Peta Frekuensi Matriks Hasil

Pengkuantitian (Cth)  Katakanlah nilai pekali DC adalah –80 dan nilai kuantiti matriks yg sepadan dgnnya adalah 16. Pembahagian antara 2 nilai akan menghasilkan nilai –5. ● Ulangi proses utk kesemua kemasukan pekali dalam blok 8 X 8 ● Di dapati bahawa bahagian yg berfrekuensi tinggi dlm blok akan diwakili dgn unsur/hasilan sifar dan sebaliknya, selepas selesai prosen pengkuantitian. ● Merupakan proses yg lossy di mana nilai integer yg dibulatkan tidak boleh dibina semula menjadi yg asal oleh pengkodan

Teknik Mengimbas ● Selepas proses pengkuantitian, cuma bahagian yg berfrekuensi rendah dlm blok mengandungi pekali yg tidak sifar.  Utk mengurangkan bil. bits yg diperlukan utk storan dan komunikasi, pekali-pekali sifar dapat diletakkan bersama melalui perwakilan imbas zig zag  Proses imbasan zig zag atas pekali-pekali akan menghasilkan satu jujukan nombor seperti 0,2,1,- 1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,…

Imbas Zig-zag

Teknik Mengimbas  Kemudian pengkodan Run-Length boleh digunakan utk mengurangkan bil. bits yg diperlukan utk mewakilkan unsur sifar ● Iaitu, selepas proses mengimbas selesai, pengkodan jenis Run- Length dan Huffman dilaksanakan ke atas bit tersebut (perwakilan 1D Matriks) utk memperolehi bilangan bits yg optima

Jenis / Mod Pemprosesan JPEG ● Mod Berjujukan ● Mod Progresif ● Mod Hierarki ● Mod Lossless

Mod Berjujukan  Imej dikod dlm tertib imbas raster dr. kiri ke kanan dan dr atas ke bawah  Mudah dan sesuai utk kebanyakan sistem  Menggunakan satu laluan tunggal melalui data utk mengkod imej dan menggunakan 8 bit resolusi bg setiap input

Mod Progresif ● Imej dikod dlm multi-imbas sama ada dr imej pudar (frekuensi rendah) ke imej yg tajam (frekuensi tinggi) atau dr bits bererti yg paling penting ke bits bererti yg paling rendah  Imej ditukarkan kPada domain frekuensi menggunakan DCT.  Mod ini berguna bg penghantaran imej melalui saluran dgn bandwidth/kelebaran yg terhad di mana pengguna boleh dipersembahkan dgn keseluruhan gambar secara kasar dahulu sebelum memperolehi gambar yg jelas dan terang  jimat masa drPada menanti kejelasan bg gambar yg tidak dikehendaki.  Proses penyahmampatan pula dibina dr imej pudar ke imej yg jelas  Mod ini meningkatkan keupayaan mod sebelumnya dlm memenuhi keperluan aplikasi yg memerlukan resolusi yg lebih tinggi

Mod Hierarki ● Imej dikod menggunakan imej resolusi yg rendah sbg asas utk mengkod imej yg sama dgn resolusi yg lebih tinggi ● Mod ini beri lebih kemudahlenturan utk beberapa jenis peralatan dgn resolusi yg berbeza

Mod ‘Lossless’  Pembinaan semula imej asal secara tepat ● Digunakan bg imej yg memerlukan pemampatan ‘lossless’ sbg cth bg imej perubatan yg kritikal

Digital Video The Entire Process Illustrated

Compressing Video ● Video compression employs both spatial and temporal compression – spatial techniques compress individual frames – temporal methods compress data in frames over time ● QuickTime and AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) are two popular (and incompatible with each other) formats

Compressing Video Some Additional Methods ● DVI (Digital Video Interactive) ● Motion-JPEG ● MPEG (Motion Pictures Experts Group) ● The px64 Standard

Temporal Compression in Video ● Lossy strategies for eliminating redundancy of information between frames employ temporal compression -- referred to as interframe compression ● Sequence of frames are considered together – key frames – difference frames ● Used in QuickTime and DVI

Temporal Compression in Video ( cont’d) ● MPEG and related codecs employ a more complex frame-referencing method – intrapictures (I pictures) – predicted pictures (P pictures) – bidirectional pictures (B pictures)

Compressing Audio ● Widely used method is ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) ● ADPCM – lossy method – employs a differencing technique related to those used in video compression – used in DVI

Summary ● Compressing data means reducing the effective size of a data file for storage or transmission ● Particular paired compression/decompression methods are called codecs ● Codecs that cannot reproduce the original file exactly are called lossy methods; those that reproduce the original exactly are called lossless methods ● Text and numbers usually require lossless methods ● Images, video, and sound codecs are usually lossy

Summary ● Syntactic methods attempt to reduce the redundancy of symbolic patterns in a file without any regard to the type of information represented ● Semantic methods exploit characteristics inherent in the type of information being represented ● The use of codecs is not an exact science -- the effectiveness and suitability of any method will depend on the exact nature of the original file and the intended use for the compressed file