Chapter 2 Processing Data Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers Useful output Data 0101111 1100111 0100001 1000111

Learning Objectives: Identify the main difference between data and information. List two reasons why computers use the binary number system. List the two main parts of the CPU and explain how they work together to process data. Name three differences between RAM and ROM. List three hardware features that affect processing speed. Name the two best-known families of CPUs and list their differences.

Data - raw facts Information - meaningful data (useful output)

Decimal Numbers - Base 10 Notation Binary Numbers Number Systems:

Bit = binary digit - Smallest unit of data Byte = 8 bits Bits and Bytes: Bit = binary digit - Smallest unit of data Byte = 8 bits

On-off circuits are simple and are not prone to errors. Computers represent data with electrical switches. = 1 On-off circuits are simple and are not prone to errors. = 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 One byte is made up of 8 bits. (binary 01001000 = decimal 72) (ASCII 01001000 = the letter “H”)

Computer parts communicate using binary numbers. The greater the number of bits moved at one time, the faster the processing speed.

- (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Text Codes: EBCDIC “EB-si-dic” - (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) ASCII “As-key” - (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Unicode - (Unicode Worldwide Character Standard)

CPU (Central Processing Unit) - the brain of the computer Two parts: CU (Control Unit) ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)

Control Unit - Controls the flow of data into and from the Central Processing Unit.

Arithmetic/Logic Unit - Performs Arithmetic functions and Logical operations.

The CU and ALU are in the CPU.

RAM - Random Access Memory Types of Memory: ROM - Read Only Memory (contains the basic input output system or BIOS) RAM - Random Access Memory (user programs and data go here)

The ROM is nonvolatile because it will not lose its contents when powered down. RAM plugs into sockets on the motherboard.

Adding RAM often increases system performance.

The CPU can read RAM much faster than it can the hard disk.

CPU Manufacturers: Intel Motorola AMD Cyrix

CPU Models: 8086 1978 8088 1979 80286 1982 80386 1985 80486 1989 Pentium 1993 Penium Pro 1995 Pentium II 1997

the clock, the faster the The Pentium II has 7.5 million transistors, more than double the number included on the original Pentium chip. It can operate from 233 MHz to 400 MHz and beyond. About MHz: the faster the clock, the faster the processing speed. (1 MHz = 1 million clock cycles per second)

Learning Objectives: Chapter 2 Review Identify the main difference between data and information. List two reasons why computers use the binary number system. List the two main parts of the CPU and explain how they work together to process data. Name three differences between RAM and ROM. List three hardware features that affect processing speed. Name the two best-known families of CPUs and list their differences.